The typical size for a Scrum Team is 10 or fewer people, including the Product Owner, the Scrum Master, and the Developers. The Scrum Guide states that "The Scrum Team is small enough to remain nimble and large enough to complete significant work within a Sprint. Fewer than three people decrease interaction and results in smaller productivity gains. Having more than ten people requires too much coordination. Large teams generate too much complexity for an empirical process to be useful."1 This means that the optimal Scrum Team size is between 3 and 10 people, depending on the context and the nature of the work.

References:

• 1: The Scrum Guide2, page 6
• 2: The Scrum Guide

• A Product Owner is not the same thing as a traditional Project Manager. A Product Owner is a role in Scrum, a framework for developing, delivering, and sustaining complex products. A Project Manager is a role in traditional project management, a discipline for planning, executing, and controlling projects.
• A Product Owner is accountable for maximizing the value of the product resulting from the work of the Scrum Team. The Product Owner is responsible for managing and refining the Product Backlog, collaborating with the stakeholders and the Developers, and ordering the items in a way that best achieves goals and missions. The Product Owner represents the interests of everyone with a stake in the product and ensures that the Scrum Team works on the right things at the right time.
• A Project Manager is accountable for delivering the project within the predefined scope, time, and cost constraints. The Project Manager is responsible for defining and managing the project plan, resources, risks, issues, and dependencies. The Project Manager coordinates and controls the activities of the project team and the stakeholders and ensures that the project meets the quality standards and expectations.
• Some of the main differences between a Product Owner and a Project Manager are:

References:

• Scrum Guide: https://www.scrumguides.org/scrum-guide.html
• Product Owner: https://www.scrum.org/resources/what-is-a-product-owner
• Project Manager: https://www.pmi.org/about/learn-about-pmi/what-is-project-management

• The Developers are the people in the Scrum Team who are accountable for creating a “Done” Increment that meets the Definition of Done each Sprint. The Developers are responsible for planning and executing the Sprint Backlog, designing and building the product functionality, testing and improving the product quality, and delivering a potentially releasable Increment. The Developers work closely with the Product Owner to understand and clarify the Product Backlog items, provide feedback and estimates, and suggest improvements and innovations.
• The Definition of Done is a formal description of the state of the Increment when it meets the quality measures required for the product. The Definition of Done is used to assess when work is complete on the product Increment.
• The amount of work required of the Developers to complete a Product Backlog item selected during the Sprint Planning depends on the Definition of Done. The Definition of Done may vary from one Scrum Team to another, depending on the context and domain of work. However, it must be consistent within one team. If there are multiple Scrum Teams working on one product, they must share a common Definition of Done. If there is an organizational standard for a Definition of Done, all Scrum Teams must follow it as a minimum.
• The Developers must ensure that each Product Backlog item they complete during a Sprint meets the Definition of Done. This means that they must perform all the necessary tasks and activities to deliver a high-quality product functionality that is usable, valuable, and potentially releasable. This may include analysis, design, development, testing, documentation, integration, deployment, or any other aspects that contribute to the quality and usability of the product.
• The other options are not valid or relevant measures for the amount of work required of the Developers to complete a Product Backlog item. They are either too vague, arbitrary, or unrealistic. They are:

References:

• Scrum Guide: https://www.scrumguides.org/scrum-guide.html
• Definition of Done: https://www.scrum.org/resources/what-is-a-definition-of-done
• Developers: https://www.scrum.org/resources/what-is-a-developer-in-scrum

Scrum

The two primary ways a Scrum Master helps a Scrum Team work at its highest level of productivity are by facilitating Scrum Team decisions and by removing impediments that hinder the Scrum Team12. The Scrum Master is a facilitator and a coach, helping the team remove impediments and facilitating team decisions12. This enables the team to focus on their work and maintain their productivity12.

The Scrum Master should talk to the IT manager and explain that progress in Scrum comes from inspecting an Increment at the Sprint Review. This is because:

• The Scrum Team is self-managing and does not need to report to anyone outside the team1.
• The Sprint Review is an event where the Scrum Team and the stakeholders collaborate on the product and inspect the Increment2.
• The Increment is a concrete and usable outcome of the Sprint that provides a measure of progress and value delivery3.
• The IT manager can attend the Sprint Review as a stakeholder and provide feedback on the product and the process4.

References:

• Scrum Guide, page 7, section “The Scrum Team”
• Scrum Guide, page 13, section “Sprint Review”
• Scrum Guide, page 10, section “Increment”
• Scrum Guide, page 14, section “Sprint Review”

The Scrum Guide states that “the Developers are the people in the Scrum Team that are committed to creating any aspect of a usable Increment each Sprint”. It also states that “the Developers can do the work of any other role on the Scrum Team, as long as accountability is met”. Therefore, the Developers on the Scrum Team should write the user documentation, as it is part of the Definition of Done and the work needed to deliver a “Done” Increment. The other options are not acceptable, as they violate the Scrum values of commitment, focus, and respect, and they create dependencies, delays, and waste.

References:

• The Scrum Guide, section 2.2. Developers
• Professional Scrum Product Owner I (PSPO I) Learning Path, section 2.3. The Product Owner and the Definition of Done
• Professional Scrum Product Owner I (PSPO I) Sample Questions, question 12

• In Scrum, there is only one product and one Product Backlog for a given product. The Product Backlog is the single source of truth for the Scrum Team and the stakeholders. It contains all the requirements, features, functions, enhancements, fixes, and anything else that can deliver value to the customers and users of the product. The Product Backlog is ordered by the Product Owner based on the product vision, goals, and value.
• Having multiple Product Backlogs for one product would create confusion, duplication, inconsistency, and waste. It would also make it harder to align the Scrum Teams and the stakeholders on the same product direction and priorities. Therefore, each Scrum Team should not have a separate Product Backlog.
• The Product Owner is accountable for maximizing the value of the product resulting from the work of the Scrum Team. The Product Owner is responsible for managing and refining the Product Backlog, collaborating with the stakeholders and the Developers, and ordering the items in a way that best achieves goals and missions. The Product Owner represents the interests of everyone with a stake in the product and ensures that the Scrum Team works on the right things at the right time.
• Having multiple Product Owners for one product would create conflicts, overlaps, gaps, and inefficiencies. It would also make it harder to maintain a clear and consistent product vision, strategy, roadmap, and backlog. Therefore, there should be only one Product Owner for one product.
• In some cases, when there are multiple Scrum Teams working on one product, it may be necessary to have some form of scaling or coordination mechanism to ensure alignment and collaboration among the teams. However, this does not mean that there should be multiple Product Owners or Product Backlogs. Instead, there should be ways to facilitate communication, feedback, integration, and transparency among the teams and with the Product Owner. For example, some frameworks or practices that can help with scaling Scrum are Nexus, LeSS, SAFe, or Scrum of Scrums.

References:

• Scrum Guide: https://www.scrumguides.org/scrum-guide.html
• Nexus: https://www.scrum.org/resources/what-is-nexus
• LeSS: https://less.works/
• SAFe: https://www.scaledagileframework.com/
• Scrum of Scrums: https://www.agilealliance.org/glossary/scrum-of-scrums/

The Product Owner does not make sure the Developers select enough from the Product Backlog for a Sprint. The Product Owner is responsible for maximizing the value of the product and the work of the Developers, but the Developers are self-managing and decide how much work they can do in a Sprint1. The Product Owner and the Developers collaborate on the scope of the Sprint during Sprint Planning, but the final decision is up to the Developers2. The Product Owner should not interfere with the Developers’ work during the Sprint, but should provide feedback and guidance on the product value[3][3].

References:

1: The Scrum Guide, November 2020, p. 6

2: The Scrum Guide, November 2020, p. 10

[3][3]: Professional Scrum Product Owner I Certification, Scrum.org, accessed on December 16, 2023

According to Scrum.org, the Developers own the Sprint Backlog12. The Sprint Backlog is a plan by and for the Developers1. It is a highly visible, real-time picture of the work that the Developers plan to accomplish during the Sprint in order to achieve the Sprint Goal1. Consequently, the Sprint Backlog is updated throughout the Sprint as more is learned1.

The Developers need a Sprint Goal because it gives them a common yet specific goal to focus on during the Sprint. This is because:

• The Sprint Goal is a short-term objective that provides guidance and focus to the Scrum Team throughout the Sprint. It is a flexible and negotiable commitment that can be adjusted as more is learned throughout the Sprint.
• The Developers are accountable for creating a “Done” Increment in every Sprint. They must ensure that every Product Backlog item they work on meets the Definition of Done before it is considered complete.
• The Developers are self-managing professionals who organize and manage their own work. They decide how to best accomplish their work, rather than being directed by others outside the Scrum Team.
• The Developers need a Sprint Goal to align their efforts and collaborate effectively as a team. The Sprint Goal helps them prioritize and optimize their work based on value and impact. The Sprint Goal also helps them cope with uncertainty and complexity by providing a clear direction and a shared purpose.

Other options, such as a Sprint Goal only giving purpose to Sprint 0, Sprint Goals being not valuable, or a Sprint Goal ensuring that all of the Product Backlog items selected for the Sprint are implemented, are not valid reasons why the Developers need a Sprint Goal. They may reflect a misunderstanding of what a Sprint Goal is or how Scrum works.

References:

• [Scrum Guide], page 15, section “Sprint Goal”
• [Scrum Guide], page 7, section “Developers”
• [Scrum Guide], page 10, section “Definition of Done”
• [Scrum Guide], page 10, section “Increment”

 When there are multiple teams working on one product, each Scrum Team should not have a separate Product Owner. This is because:

• The Product Owner is accountable for maximizing the value of the product resulting from the work of the Scrum Team. They are responsible for identifying and articulating the Product Goal, which is a long-term objective for the product that guides all the activities of the Scrum Team.
• The Product Owner is the sole person responsible for managing the Product Backlog, which is an emergent, ordered list of what is needed to improve the product. They must ensure that the Product Backlog is transparent, visible, and understood by everyone who needs to work on it.
• Having multiple Product Owners for one product may lead to conflicts, inconsistencies, or confusion among the Scrum Teams and the stakeholders. It may also reduce the alignment, collaboration, and ownership of the product development.
• Instead of having multiple Product Owners, it is recommended to have one Product Owner who works with representatives from each Scrum Team to ensure that they have a shared understanding of the product vision, goals, and priorities. The Product Owner may also delegate some of the Product Backlog management tasks to these representatives, but they remain accountable for the final decisions.

References:

• [Scrum Guide], page 6, section “Product Owner”
• [Scrum Guide], page 11, section “Product Backlog”
• [Scrum Guide], page 10, section “Product Goal”
• [Professional Scrum Product Owner™ Training], page 6, section “Product Vision”
• [Professional Scrum Product Owner™ Training], page 9, section “Business Strategy”

The Scrum Master is a servant-leader for the Scrum Team, who helps the team understand and enact Scrum values, principles, and practices1. The Scrum Master also facilitates Scrum events as requested or needed2. The Daily Scrum is a 15-minute event for the Developers to inspect their progress toward the Sprint Goal and adapt the Sprint Backlog as necessary[3][3]. It is a key opportunity for the Developers to plan their work for the next 24 hours and collaborate on any challenges or impediments4. The Scrum Master should coach the team on the purpose and value of the Daily Scrum, and help them find ways to make it more effective and enjoyable. The Scrum Master should also learn why the Developers want to reduce the frequency of the Daily Scrum, and work with them to address any underlying issues or concerns. The Scrum Master should not impose a decision on the team, nor delegate the decision to a vote, as these actions would undermine the self-management and empowerment of the Developers5.

References:

• 1: The Scrum Guide, November 2020, p. 7
• 2: The Scrum Guide, November 2020, p. 11
• [3][3]: The Scrum Guide, November 2020, p. 10
• 4: Understanding and Applying the Scrum Framework, Scrum.org, accessed on December 16, 2023

A Scrum Team is a cross-functional, self-managing team that has all the necessary competencies and skills to deliver a potentially releasable Increment of value at the end of each Sprint. The Scrum Team consists of one Scrum Master, one Product Owner, and Developers. The Scrum Team does not rely on external roles or hierarchies to complete their work. (Must be taken from Professional Scrum Product Owner™ (PSPO I) resources)

References:

• Professional Scrum Product Owner™ I Certification
• Professional Scrum Product Owner™ Training

The Scrum values are commitment, focus, openness, respect, and courage1. These values are embodied by the Scrum Team, which is a self-managing unit that organizes its own work and delivers a valuable product2. The Scrum Team consists of one Scrum Master, one Product Owner, and Developers[3][3]. The best way to create Scrum Teams is to respect the self-management and empowerment of the people who will do the work, and let them decide how to organize themselves into Scrum Teams. This can be done by bringing all the people together and letting them form Scrum Teams based on their skills, interests, and alignment with the product vision4. Alternatively, existing teams can propose how they would like to reorganize themselves into Scrum Teams, based on their feedback and experience5. These ways of creating Scrum Teams are consistent with the Scrum values, as they foster commitment, focus, openness, respect, and courage among the team members and stakeholders. The other options are not consistent with the Scrum values, as they involve managers or the Chief Product Owner imposing their decisions on the team members, which undermines their self-management and empowerment, and creates a lack of trust and collaboration.

References:

1: The Scrum Guide, November 2020, p. 4

2: The Scrum Guide, November 2020, p. 5

[3][3]: The Scrum Guide, November 2020, p. 6

4: Managing Products with Agility, Scrum.org, accessed on December 16, 2023

5: Developing People and Teams, Scrum.org, accessed on December 16, 2023

 A Sprint may be cancelled when the Sprint Goal becomes obsolete. This is because:

• The Sprint Goal is a short-term objective that provides guidance and focus to the Scrum Team throughout the Sprint. It is a flexible and negotiable commitment that can be adjusted as more is learned throughout the Sprint.
• The Sprint is a container for all other Scrum events and activities. It is a time-box of one month or less during which a “Done” Increment is created that meets the Sprint Goal. The Sprint has a consistent duration throughout a development effort and only changes duration between Sprints.
• A Sprint may be cancelled before it is over by the Product Owner if they determine that the Sprint Goal is no longer valid or valuable. This may happen due to various reasons, such as a significant change in the market, technology, business direction, or customer needs.
• A cancelled Sprint should be rare and exceptional. It implies a waste of time and resources that could have been spent on delivering value. It also disrupts the rhythm and flow of the Scrum Team and the stakeholders.
• When a Sprint is cancelled, any completed and “Done” Product Backlog items are reviewed and potentially released. Any incomplete Product Backlog items are re-estimated and put back on the Product Backlog. The Scrum Team then plans for a new Sprint.

Other options, such as when the Developers determine the product plan is infeasible, when it becomes clear that not everything will be finished by the end of the Sprint, or when the sales department has an important new opportunity, are not valid reasons for cancelling a Sprint. They may reflect a misunderstanding of what a Sprint Goal is or how Scrum works.

References:

• [Scrum Guide], page 15, section “Sprint Goal”
• [Scrum Guide], page 9, section “Sprint”
• [Scrum Guide], page 16, section “Cancelling a Sprint”

A Sprint is a time-boxed period when a Scrum Team works to complete a set amount of work that delivers value to the customer1. A Sprint concludes when the time-box expires, regardless of whether all the tasks, Product Backlog items, or Definition of Done are completed or not23. The Product Owner has the authority to cancel a Sprint if they determine that the Sprint Goal is obsolete or the work done is no longer valuable1. Therefore, the Product Owner decides when enough has been delivered to meet the Sprint Goal, and the Sprint ends accordingly.

During the Sprint Review, the stakeholder’s role is not to reorder the Product Backlog, but rather to provide feedback and suggestions on the product and the process. Therefore, the answer is false because:

• The Sprint Review is an informal meeting, not a status meeting, and the presentation of the Increment is intended to elicit feedback and foster collaboration. The stakeholders are invited to attend the Sprint Review as observers, participants, or customers, and they can share their opinions, ideas, or requests regarding the product and its features, functionality, quality, value, etc.
• The ordering of the Product Backlog is the sole responsibility of the Product Owner. They order Product Backlog items to best achieve goals and missions. The Product Owner may consider the feedback and suggestions from the stakeholders, as well as other factors such as dependencies, risks, costs, etc., when ordering the Product Backlog. However, they are not obliged to follow or implement them.
• The Product Backlog is not a fixed or final list of requirements, but rather an emergent and dynamic artifact that represents all the possible changes to the product. The Product Owner is accountable for effective Product Backlog management, which includes refining, communicating, and optimizing the Product Backlog items. The Product Owner may update the Product Backlog at any time, not only during the Sprint Review.

References:

• Scrum Guide 2020, page 11: “The ordering of the items in the Product Backlog is the sole responsibility of the Product Owner.”
• Scrum Guide 2020, page 11: “The Product Owner is accountable for effective Product Backlog management, which includes … ordering Product Backlog items; and ensuring that the Product Backlog is transparent, visible and understood.”
• Scrum Guide 2020, page 15: “The Sprint Review is an informal meeting, not a status meeting, and the presentation of the Increment is intended to elicit feedback and foster collaboration.”

The Product Backlog is an emergent, ordered list of what is needed to improve the product. It is the single source of work undertaken by the Scrum Team. The Product Backlog is dynamic; it constantly changes to identify what the product needs to be appropriate, competitive, and useful. The other options are not accurate descriptions of the Product Backlog, as it does not contain all foreseeable tasks and requirements, it does not provide just enough information to start the design phase, and it is not baselined to follow change management processes23.

1: What is a Product Backlog? | Scrum.org 2: What is a Product Backlog? | Agile Alliance 3: Product Backlog: Definition, Examples & Techniques | Wrike Guide

• The best statement that describes Scrum is: A framework to generate value through adaptive solutions for complex problems.
• Scrum is a lightweight framework that helps people, teams, and organizations to deliver valuable products in complex and uncertain environments.
• Scrum is based on empiricism, which means that knowledge comes from experience and making decisions based on what is observed. Scrum employs an iterative and incremental approach to optimize predictability and control risk.
• Scrum is not a defined and predictive process, a complete methodology, or a cookbook that defines best practices. Scrum provides the minimal boundaries within which teams can self-organize and create innovative solutions. References: Scrum Guide, Section 1 (Definition of Scrum) and Section 2 (Uses of Scrum)

• The “cone of uncertainty” is a graphical representation of the degree of uncertainty in a project estimate over time. It shows that the range of possible outcomes is wider at the beginning of the project and narrows down as the project progresses and more information becomes available.
• The “cone of uncertainty” can be used to illustrate that as a project forecast lengthens, it is increasingly less certain. This means that the longer the time horizon for a project, the more variability and risk there is in the estimate. This also implies that shorter iterations and frequent feedback can help reduce uncertainty and improve accuracy.
• The “cone of uncertainty” cannot be used to determine whether to cut quality, similar to the “Iron Triangle” of project management. The “Iron Triangle” is a model that shows the trade-offs between scope, time, and cost in a project. Quality is often considered as a fourth dimension that is affected by these three factors. Cutting quality is not a desirable option for any project, especially for Scrum projects that value delivering high-quality products that meet customer needs.
• The “cone of uncertainty” cannot be used to determine the cost of a project before it begins. The cost of a project depends on many factors, such as the scope, the resources, the complexity, the risks, and the market conditions. The “cone of uncertainty” only shows the range of possible outcomes based on the available information at a given point in time. It does not provide a definitive or accurate estimate of the cost before the project starts.
• The “cone of uncertainty” cannot be used to determine the length of the next Sprint. The length of the next Sprint is determined by the Scrum Team based on their empirical experience and their ability to deliver a potentially releasable Increment of value. The “cone of uncertainty” does not provide any guidance on how long a Sprint should be or how much work can be done in a Sprint.

References:

• Scrum Guide: https://www.scrumguides.org/scrum-guide.html
• Cone of Uncertainty: https://www.agilealliance.org/glossary/cone-of-uncertainty/

Explanation: The Product Owner is responsible for managing and refining the Product Backlog, which is the single source of truth for the plan of the product development. The Product Backlog is a living artifact that changes as the product and the market evolve. The Product Owner updates the Product Backlog continuously based on feedback, learning, and stakeholder needs. There is no separate project plan document in Scrum.

References:

• [Scrum Guide], section 3.1: “The Product Backlog is an emergent, ordered list of what is needed to improve the product.”
• [Professional Scrum Product Owner], chapter 5: “The Product Backlog represents everything necessary to develop and launch a successful product.”
• [What is a Product Backlog?]: “The Product Backlog is a list of all things that need to be done within the project.”

The Product Owner should not have the entire Product Backlog documented in detail before the first Sprint can start. This is because:

• The Product Backlog is an emergent, ordered list of what is needed to improve the product. It is never complete and constantly changes to reflect the needs and desires of the customers, users, and stakeholders.
• The Product Owner is accountable for maximizing the value of the product resulting from the work of the Scrum Team. They are responsible for identifying and articulating the Product Goal, which is a long-term objective for the product that guides all the activities of the Scrum Team.
• The Product Owner collaborates with the Developers and the stakeholders to refine the Product Backlog as needed to ensure that there are enough items that are sufficiently clear and ready for selection in Sprint Planning. The amount of detail and precision required for each Product Backlog item depends on its order, size, and complexity.
• The Product Owner does not need to have the entire Product Backlog documented in detail before the first Sprint can start, as this would imply a fixed and upfront plan that does not allow for feedback, learning, and adaptation. Instead, the Product Owner only needs to have enough items that are well understood and valuable for the Scrum Team to start working on them in the first Sprint.

References:

• [Scrum Guide], page 11, section “Product Backlog”
• [Scrum Guide], page 6, section “Product Owner”
• [Scrum Guide], page 10, section “Product Goal”
• [Scrum Guide], page 12, section “Product Backlog Refinement”

The Developers are the ones who determine how many Product Backlog items they select for a Sprint. The Developers are self-managing and decide how much work they can do in a Sprint1. The Product Owner and the Developers collaborate on the scope of the Sprint during Sprint Planning, but the final decision is up to the Developers2. The Product Owner, the Scrum Master, and the stakeholders do not have the authority to tell the Developers how many Product Backlog items they should select, as this would violate the principle of self-management[3][3].

References:

1: The Scrum Guide, November 2020, p. 6

2: The Scrum Guide, November 2020, p. 10

[3][3]: Understanding and Applying the Scrum Framework, Scrum.org, accessed on December 16, 2023

 This is the best answer because it respects the Scrum values of openness, commitment, and focus. The Developers should be transparent about their progress and collaborate with the Product Owner to adjust the Sprint scope accordingly. The Product Owner is responsible for maximizing the value of the product and the work of the Developers, so he or she should be involved in any decisions that affect the Sprint Goal and the Product Backlog. References:

• Scrum Guide, page 10: “If the work turns out to be different than the Developers expected, they collaborate with the Product Owner to negotiate the scope of Sprint Backlog within the Sprint.”
• Scrum Guide, page 11: “The Product Owner is accountable for maximizing the value of the product resulting from the work of the Scrum Team.”

The Daily Scrum is an event for and by the Developers. They can choose whatever structure and technique they want, as long as they focus on the progress toward the Sprint Goal and produce an actionable plan for the next day of work12. The Scrum Master, the Product Owner, and the person coming in last are not necessarily the ones who should start the Daily Scrum. The person who has the token is a possible technique, but not the only one3.

The Sprint Retrospective is one of the five events defined by Scrum. It is a formal opportunity for the Scrum Team to inspect itself and create a plan for improvements to be enacted during the next Sprint. The purpose of the Sprint Retrospective is to adapt the way of working so that it becomes more effective and enjoyable. The other options are not required by Scrum, but may be useful practices depending on the context. Developers do not have to stand up at the Daily Scrum, they can choose any format that works for them. A Sprint Burndown Chart is a common way to visualize the remaining work in a Sprint, but it is not mandated by Scrum. Release Planning is a topic that falls under the broader competency of Managing Products with Agility, but it is not a prescribed event in Scrum.

References:

• The Scrum Guide
• Understanding and Applying the Scrum Framework
• Professional Scrum Product Owner™ I Certification

• Customer satisfaction is a measure of how well a product or service meets or exceeds the expectations and needs of the customers. It is an important indicator of the value and quality of a product or service, and it can affect the loyalty, retention, and profitability of the customers.
• Customer satisfaction should be measured frequently, as it can change over time depending on various factors, such as the market conditions, the customer feedback, the product updates, the competitor actions, and the customer behavior. Measuring customer satisfaction frequently can help the Product Owner and the Scrum Team to inspect and adapt their product vision, strategy, roadmap, backlog, and increments based on the customer needs and preferences. It can also help them to identify and resolve any issues or gaps that may affect the customer satisfaction and value delivery.
• Measuring customer satisfaction quarterly, daily, or annually is not optimal, as it may not reflect the current state of the customer satisfaction and may miss some opportunities or risks that may arise in between the measurement intervals. Quarterly measurement may be too slow to respond to the fast-changing market and customer demands. Daily measurement may be too noisy and costly to collect and analyze. Annual measurement may be too outdated and irrelevant to inform the product decisions.

References:

• Scrum Guide: https://www.scrumguides.org/scrum-guide.html
• Customer Satisfaction: https://www.agilealliance.org/glossary/customer-satisfaction/

The Developers are the people in the Scrum Team who are committed to creating any aspect of a usable Increment each Sprint. The Developers are accountable for organizing and managing their work. Only the Developers can decide how to perform the work during the Sprint1. The Developers plan the work necessary to create an Increment that meets the Definition of Done during the Sprint Planning event. This is often done by decomposing Product Backlog items into smaller work items of one day or less. How this is done is at the sole discretion of the Developers2. The Developers also inspect their progress toward the Sprint Goal and adapt their plan during the Daily Scrum1. The Developers are self-managing, which means they decide internally who does what, when, and how1. The Scrum Master, the Product Owner, the team manager, and the subject matter experts are not involved in determining how the work is performed during the Sprint. They may provide guidance, feedback, or support, but they do not interfere with the Developers’ autonomy and accountability134. References:

• Scrum Guide
• What is a Developer?
• Who Determines How Work Is Performed During The Sprint?
• What is Sprint Planning?

Cross-functional teams are not optimized to work on one component or layer of a system only. This is because:

• Cross-functional teams are teams that have all the skills and competencies needed to accomplish the work without depending on others who are not part of the team.
• Cross-functional teams are able to deliver value across the entire product, rather than focusing on a specific component or layer. They can work on any aspect of the product that is needed to achieve the Sprint Goal and the Product Goal.
• Cross-functional teams are more agile, collaborative, and creative than teams that are specialized or siloed. They can reduce dependencies, handoffs, and delays, and increase feedback, learning, and adaptation.

References:

• [Scrum Guide], page 7, section “Developers”
• [Scrum Guide], page 10, section “Product Goal”
• [Scrum Guide], page 7, section “The Scrum Team”

 Management that is external to the Scrum Team is not involved in the Daily Scrum because:

• The Daily Scrum is an event for the Developers to inspect their progress towards the Sprint Goal and adapt their Sprint Backlog accordingly. It is not a status meeting or a reporting session for managers or other stakeholders.
• The presence of external managers may hinder the self-organization, collaboration, and transparency of the Developers. It may also create pressure, interference, or distraction for the team.
• The Scrum Master is responsible for ensuring that the Daily Scrum is held and that only the Developers participate. The Product Owner and other stakeholders may attend as observers, but only if the Developers find it useful.

References:

• Scrum Guide 2020, page 12: “The purpose of the Daily Scrum is to inspect progress toward the Sprint Goal and adapt the Sprint Backlog as necessary, adjusting the upcoming planned work.”
• Scrum Guide 2020, page 13: “The Developers can select whatever structure and techniques they want, as long as their Daily Scrum focuses on progress toward the Sprint Goal and produces an actionable plan for the next day of work. This creates focus and improves self-management.”
• Scrum Guide 2020, page 13: “The Daily Scrum is an internal meeting for the Developers. If others are present, the Scrum Master ensures that they do not disrupt the meeting.”

The following are true about Scrum:

• Scrum is based on empiricism and lean thinking. Empiricism is the principle of making decisions based on what is observed and experienced, rather than on theory or speculation. Lean thinking is the philosophy of eliminating waste and maximizing value in any process or system. Scrum applies these concepts by providing a framework for inspecting and adapting the product and the process, and by focusing on delivering the most valuable features to the customers and stakeholders.
• Scrum is a framework for developing and sustaining complex products. A complex product is one that has unpredictable or unknown aspects that require creativity, experimentation, and adaptation to deliver. A framework is a set of minimal and essential rules and roles that provide structure and guidance, but leave room for flexibility and innovation. Scrum provides such a framework for teams to collaborate and deliver complex products iteratively and incrementally, while embracing change and feedback.
• Each component of Scrum serves a specific purpose and is essential to Scrum’s success and your usage of Scrum to develop complex products. Scrum consists of three roles (Product Owner, Scrum Master, Developers), five events (Sprint, Sprint Planning, Daily Scrum, Sprint Review, Sprint Retrospective), and three artifacts (Product Backlog, Sprint Backlog, Increment). Each of these components has a clear definition, accountability, and goal that contributes to the overall effectiveness and value of Scrum. Removing or changing any of these components may cause the benefits of Scrum to be lost or diminished.

References:

• Scrum Guide 2020, page 3: “Scrum is founded on empiricism and lean thinking.”
• Scrum Guide 2020, page 3: “Scrum is a lightweight framework that helps people, teams and organizations generate value through adaptive solutions for complex problems.”
• Scrum Guide 2020, page 4: “Each component within the framework serves a specific purpose and is essential to Scrum’s success and usage.”

The purpose of a Sprint is to produce a valuable, useful Increment that meets the Sprint Goal and the Definition of Done1. An Increment is a concrete step toward achieving the Product Goal and is the primary measure of progress in Scrum2. The Increment must be usable and potentially releasable, meaning that it meets the quality standards set by the Scrum Team and the stakeholders[3][3].

References:

1: The Scrum Guide, November 2020, p. 9

2: The Scrum Guide, November 2020, p. 6

[3][3]: The Scrum Guide, November 2020, p. 13

 It is not true that the Product Owner must write all of the Product Backlog items (e.g. user stories, requirements, etc.) on the Product Backlog before handing them over to the Scrum Team. This is because:

• The Product Backlog is an emergent, ordered list of what is needed to improve the product. It is never complete and constantly changes to reflect the needs and desires of the customers, users, and stakeholders.
• The Product Owner is accountable for maximizing the value of the product resulting from the work of the Scrum Team. They are responsible for identifying and articulating the Product Goal, which is a long-term objective for the product that guides all the activities of the Scrum Team.
• The Product Owner is also accountable for managing the Product Backlog items effectively. They must ensure that they are transparent, visible, and understood by everyone who needs to work on them. They must also collaborate with the Developers and stakeholders to refine, order, and prioritize them based on value and impact.
• The Product Owner does not need to write all of the Product Backlog items by themselves or before handing them over to the Scrum Team. They can involve others in creating or contributing to them, such as customers, users, stakeholders, or Developers. They can also add or modify them at any time during the product development process, as long as they are clear and ready for selection in Sprint Planning.

References:

• [Scrum Guide], page 6, section “Product Owner”
• [Scrum Guide], page 11, section “Product Backlog”
• [Scrum Guide], page 10, section “Product Goal”
• [Scrum Guide], page 12, section “Product Backlog Refinement”
• [Scrum Guide], page 14, section “Sprint Planning”

The Developers are the people in the Scrum Team who are committed to creating any aspect of a usable Increment each Sprint. The Developers are accountable for organizing and managing their work. Only the Developers can decide how to perform the work during the Sprint1. The Developers plan the work necessary to create an Increment that meets the Definition of Done during the Sprint Planning event. This is often done by decomposing Product Backlog items into smaller work items of one day or less. How this is done is at the sole discretion of the Developers. The Sprint Backlog is the set of Product Backlog items selected for the Sprint, plus a plan for delivering the product Increment and realizing the Sprint Goal1. The Developers are responsible for creating and maintaining the Sprint Backlog1. The Developers are not accountable for selecting the Product Owner, reporting productivity, or any other activities that are not related to creating a Done Increment that meets the Sprint Goal123. References:

• Scrum Guide
• What is a Developer?
• Who Determines How Work Is Performed During The Sprint?
• [What is Sprint Planning?]

• The Sprint Planning is an event that occurs at the beginning of each Sprint, where the Scrum Team plans how to deliver a valuable product Increment. The Sprint Planning consists of two topics: What can be done this Sprint? and How will the chosen work get done? The outcome of the Sprint Planning is an agreed-upon Sprint Goal, a Sprint Backlog, and a plan for delivering the Increment.
• The timebox for the Sprint Planning event is proportional to the length of the Sprint. For a one-month Sprint, the timebox is 8 hours. For shorter Sprints, the timebox is usually shorter. The Scrum Team may decide how much time to spend on each topic within the timebox, depending on their needs and preferences.
• The timebox for the Sprint Planning event ensures that the Scrum Team does not spend too much or too little time on planning their work for the Sprint. The timebox also ensures that the Scrum Team has enough clarity and alignment on what and how they want to achieve during the Sprint.

References:

• Scrum Guide: https://www.scrumguides.org/scrum-guide.html
• Sprint Planning: https://www.scrum.org/resources/what-is-sprint-planning

The Product Owner and the Scrum Master are essential roles in the Scrum Team. They have distinct accountabilities and responsibilities that contribute to the success of the product and the team. The Product Owner is responsible for maximizing the value of the product and the work of the Developers. The Scrum Master is responsible for promoting and supporting Scrum and the Scrum Team. Both roles need to be fully engaged and available to the Scrum Team throughout the Sprint.

Non-functional requirements are the criteria that define the quality, performance, security, usability, and other aspects of a product1. They are often implicit or assumed, but they are important to make visible and explicit, as they affect the value and satisfaction of the product2. One effective way to make non-functional requirements visible is to add them to the Product Backlog, which is an ordered list of everything that is known to be needed in the product[3][3]. By adding non-functional requirements to the Product Backlog, the Product Owner and the Developers can prioritize, refine, and estimate them, and make them transparent to the stakeholders4. Another effective way to make non-functional requirements visible is to add them to the Definition of Done, which is a shared understanding of what it means for work to be complete, and ensures transparency of the quality of the work done5. By adding non-functional requirements to the Definition of Done, the Developers can ensure that every Product Backlog item and Increment meets the expected quality standards, and that the work is taken care of every Sprint.

References:

1: Non-functional requirement, Wikipedia, accessed on December 16, 2023

2: Managing Products with Agility, Scrum.org, accessed on December 16, 2023

[3][3]: The Scrum Guide, November 2020, p. 6

4: The Scrum Guide, November 2020, p. 7

5: The Scrum Guide, November 2020, p. 13

 Understanding and Applying the Scrum Framework, Scrum.org, accessed on December 16, 2023

• The Product Owner is accountable for maximizing the value of the product resulting from the work of the Scrum Team. The Product Owner is responsible for managing and refining the Product Backlog, collaborating with the stakeholders and the Developers, and ordering the items in a way that best achieves goals and missions. The Product Owner represents the interests of everyone with a stake in the product and ensures that the Scrum Team works on the right things at the right time.
• The Developers are accountable for creating a “Done” Increment that meets the Definition of Done each Sprint. The Developers are responsible for planning and executing the Sprint Backlog, designing and building the product functionality, testing and improving the product quality, and delivering a potentially releasable Increment. The Developers work closely with the Product Owner to understand and clarify the Product Backlog items, provide feedback and estimates, and suggest improvements and innovations.
• A Sprint is a timebox of one month or less within which a “Done” product Increment is created. A Sprint consists of the Sprint Planning, Daily Scrums, the development work, the Sprint Review, and the Sprint Retrospective. A Sprint is also a feedback loop that allows the Scrum Team and the stakeholders to inspect and adapt the product and the process.
• The Sprint Goal is a short statement of what the Scrum Team intends to achieve during a Sprint. It provides guidance and direction for the Scrum Team, as well as a basis for inspecting and adapting the product and the process. The Sprint Goal is aligned with the product vision and goals, and it reflects the value and purpose of the Sprint.
• In the middle of a Sprint, if a customer decides that there are two new features she wants, there are two possible ways that a Product Owner could handle this situation:
• The other options are not valid or relevant ways that a Product Owner could handle this situation. They are either too disruptive, impractical, or irrelevant. They are:

References:

• Scrum Guide: https://www.scrumguides.org/scrum-guide.html
• Product Owner: https://www.scrum.org/resources/what-is-a-product-owner
• Developers: https://www.scrum.org/resources/what-is-a-developer-in-scrum
• Sprint: https://www.scrum.org/resources/what-is-a-sprint-in-scrum
• Sprint Goal: https://www.scrum.org/resources/what-is-a-sprint-goal
• Daily Scrum: https://www.scrum.org/resources/what-is-a-daily-scrum
• Scrum Master: https://www.scrum.org/resources/what-is-a-scrum-master

Correct Answer: True

Explanation: Dependencies are relationships between Product Backlog items that affect their order of implementation. For example, a Product Backlog item may depend on another one to be completed first, or it may have a dependency on a third-party system or resource. Dependencies could influence how the Product Owner orders Product Backlog items, as they may introduce risks, constraints, or uncertainties that affect the value delivery. The Product Owner should try to minimize dependencies and order the Product Backlog items in a way that maximizes value and minimizes waste.

References:

• [Professional Scrum Product Owner], chapter 6: “Dependencies are relationships between Product Backlog items that affect their order of implementation.”
• [Managing Dependencies on Agile Projects]: “Dependencies can have a significant impact on the delivery of value.”

Scrum is a framework that is designed to be lightweight and easy to adopt. To get started with Scrum, the minimal requirements are indeed a Product Owner with enough ideas for a first Sprint, a Development Team to implement those ideas, and a Scrum Master to facilitate and guide the process. This aligns with the core principles of Scrum, which emphasize self-organization, collaboration, and the ability to deliver increments of value quickly and frequently.

References: The Scrum Guide outlines the roles within a Scrum Team and the necessity of having a Product Backlog with enough ‘Ready’ items to fill a Sprint. The guide also emphasizes the importance of having a clear definition of ‘Done’ before starting the first Sprint

Multiple Scrum Teams working on the same product do not have to have the same Sprint start date. The Scrum Guide does not prescribe any synchronization of Sprints across multiple teams1. However, it is recommended that the teams align their Sprint cadence and duration, and coordinate their dependencies and integration through a shared Product Backlog, a common Definition of Done, and frequent communication2. This way, the teams can deliver a coherent and valuable product Increment every Sprint[3][3].

References:

1: The Scrum Guide, November 2020, p. 9

2: Managing Products with Agility, Scrum.org, accessed on December 16, 2023

[3][3]: Understanding and Applying the Scrum Framework, Scrum.org, accessed on December 16, 2023

• The Sprint Goal is a short statement of what the Scrum Team intends to achieve during a Sprint. It provides guidance and direction for the Scrum Team, as well as a basis for inspecting and adapting the product and the process. The Sprint Goal is aligned with the product vision and goals, and it reflects the value and purpose of the Sprint.
• The Product Owner is accountable for maximizing the value of the product resulting from the work of the Scrum Team. The Product Owner is responsible for managing and refining the Product Backlog, collaborating with the stakeholders and the Developers, and ordering the items in a way that best achieves goals and missions. The Product Owner represents the interests of everyone with a stake in the product and ensures that the Scrum Team works on the right things at the right time.
• The Developers are accountable for creating a “Done” Increment that meets the Definition of Done each Sprint. The Developers are responsible for planning and executing the Sprint Backlog, designing and building the product functionality, testing and improving the product quality, and delivering a potentially releasable Increment. The Developers work closely with the Product Owner to understand and clarify the Product Backlog items, provide feedback and estimates, and suggest improvements and innovations.
• The Sprint Planning is an event that occurs at the beginning of each Sprint, where the Scrum Team plans how to deliver a valuable product Increment. The Sprint Planning consists of two topics: What can be done this Sprint? and How will the chosen work get done? The outcome of the Sprint Planning is an agreed-upon Sprint Goal, a Sprint Backlog, and a plan for delivering the Increment.
• The responsibility of crafting the Sprint Goal is shared by both the Product Owner and the Developers. The Product Owner should come to Sprint Planning with a business objective in mind, based on their understanding of the product vision, goals, value proposition, stakeholder feedback, market conditions, or other relevant factors. The Product Owner should propose how this objective can be achieved by selecting some Product Backlog items that can deliver value to customers or users. The Developers should collaborate with the Product Owner to craft a clear and concise Sprint Goal that expresses what they want to accomplish as a team during this Sprint. The Developers should also ensure that they have enough capacity and skills to deliver on this Sprint Goal.

References:

• Scrum Guide: https://www.scrumguides.org/scrum-guide.html
• Sprint Goal: https://www.scrum.org/resources/what-is-a-sprint-goal
• Product Owner: https://www.scrum.org/resources/what-is-a-product-owner
• Developers: https://www.scrum.org/resources/what-is-a-developer-in-scrum
• Sprint Planning: https://www.scrum.org/resources/what-is-sprint-planning

• The Product Owner is accountable for maximizing the value of the product resulting from the work of the Scrum Team. The Product Owner is responsible for managing and refining the Product Backlog, collaborating with the stakeholders and the Developers, and ordering the items in a way that best achieves goals and missions. The Product Owner represents the interests of everyone with a stake in the product and ensures that the Scrum Team works on the right things at the right time.
• To ensure that the product delivers value, a Scrum Product Owner might focus on the following aspects:
• The other options are not valid or relevant aspects that a Scrum Product Owner might focus on to ensure that the product delivers value. They are either too narrow, unrealistic, or unrelated to the product value delivery. They are:

References:

• Scrum Guide: https://www.scrumguides.org/scrum-guide.html
• Product Owner: https://www.scrum.org/resources/what-is-a-product-owner
• Value: https://www.scrum.org/resources/blog/value-scrum-value
• Velocity: https://www.agilealliance.org/glossary/velocity

The Scrum Team is accountable for creating a valuable increment every Sprint. The Increment is the sum of all Product Backlog items Done during a Sprint and the value of all the previous Increments. The entire Scrum Team is accountable for creating a valuable and useful Increment every Sprint1. The Product Owner is responsible for maximizing the value of the product resulting from the work of the Scrum Team1. The Developers are responsible for creating a Done Increment that meets the Sprint Goal1. The Scrum Master is responsible for establishing Scrum as defined in the Scrum Guide and helping everyone understand Scrum theory, practices, rules, and values1. References:

• Scrum Guide
• What is an Increment and how Does it Connect with the other Elements of Scrum?
• The Professional Product Owner

Sprint 0 is a term that some organizations use to describe a phase of work before the first official Sprint, where they do some upfront planning, design, architecture, or analysis1. However, this term is not consistent with the Scrum framework, which does not prescribe any pre-Sprint activities or phases2. Scrum starts with a Product Backlog that contains at least one valuable and feasible Product Goal, and enough Product Backlog items to initiate the first Sprint[3][3]. The Product Owner is accountable for maximizing the value of the product and the work of the Developers, and for managing the Product Backlog4. The Product Owner does not have any specific accountability during Sprint 0, because Sprint 0 is not a part of Scrum.

References:

1: Sprint Zero: A Good Idea or Not?, Scrum Alliance, accessed on December 16, 2023

2: The Scrum Guide, November 2020, p. 5

[3][3]: The Scrum Guide, November 2020, p. 9

4: The Scrum Guide, November 2020, p. 6

• The Product Owner is accountable for maximizing the value of the product resulting from the work of the Scrum Team. The Product Owner is responsible for managing and refining the Product Backlog, collaborating with the stakeholders and the Developers, and ordering the items in a way that best achieves goals and missions. The Product Owner represents the interests of everyone with a stake in the product and ensures that the Scrum Team works on the right things at the right time.
• A Sprint is a timebox of one month or less within which a “Done” product Increment is created. A Sprint consists of the Sprint Planning, Daily Scrums, the development work, the Sprint Review, and the Sprint Retrospective. A Sprint is also a feedback loop that allows the Scrum Team and the stakeholders to inspect and adapt the product and the process.
• During a Sprint, a Product Owner is typically responsible for:
• The other options are not valid or relevant responsibilities of a Product Owner during a Sprint. They are either too administrative, micromanaging, or unrelated to the product value delivery. They are:

References:

• Scrum Guide: https://www.scrumguides.org/scrum-guide.html
• Product Owner: https://www.scrum.org/resources/what-is-a-product-owner
• Sprint: https://www.scrum.org/resources/what-is-a-sprint-in-scrum
• Stakeholders: https://www.agilealliance.org/glossary/stakeholders
• Daily Scrum: https://www.scrum.org/resources/what-is-a-daily-scrum

The Sprint Backlog is the set of Product Backlog items selected for the Sprint, plus a plan for delivering the product Increment and realizing the Sprint Goal1. The Sprint Backlog is a forecast by the Developers about what functionality will be in the next Increment and the work needed to deliver that functionality into a “Done” Increment1. The Sprint Backlog makes visible all the work that the Developers identify as necessary to meet the Sprint Goal1. The Sprint Backlog can include any items that the Developers deem necessary to achieve the Sprint Goal, such as user stories, tasks, use cases, tests, or others. The Sprint Backlog is a plan with enough detail that changes in progress can be understood in the Daily Scrum1.

References:

• The Scrum Guide, section 3.3. Sprint Backlog
• Professional Scrum Product Owner I (PSPO I) Learning Path, section 2.2. The Product Owner and the Sprint
• Professional Scrum Product Owner I (PSPO I) Sample Questions, question 11

The Scrum Guide defines a Scrum Team as “a cohesive unit of professionals focused on one objective at a time, the Product Goal”. It also states that “the Scrum Team consists of one Scrum Master, one Product Owner, and Developers”. Therefore, the correct answer is A, B, and D. Customers and users are not part of the Scrum Team, but they are important stakeholders who provide feedback and input to the Product Owner and the Developers.

References:

• The Scrum Guide, section 2.1. The Scrum Team
• Professional Scrum Product Owner I (PSPO I) Learning Path, section 1.1. The Scrum Team
• Professional Scrum Product Owner I (PSPO I) Sample Questions, question 1