In Huawei’s spine-leaf VXLAN fabric (e.g., CloudFabric), nodes have specific roles:

A. DCI leaf:Data Center Interconnect (DCI) leaf nodes connect different data centers, not internal computing resources.Incorrect.

B. Server leaf:Server leaf nodes connect computing resources (virtual servers via hypervisors, physical servers) to the VXLAN fabric, handling access traffic. This is the correct role for connecting servers.Correct.

C. Border leaf:Border leaf nodes connect the DCN to external networks, not internal computing resources.Incorrect.

D. Service leaf:Service leaf nodes connect to value-added services (e.g., firewalls), not directly to computing resources like servers.Incorrect.

Thus, the answer isB (Server leaf).References:Huawei CloudFabric Data Center Network Solution – Spine-Leaf Architecture; HCIP-Data Center Network Training – Node Roles.

Link aggregation, often implemented using Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP) on Huawei CloudEngine (CE) series switches, combines multiple physical links into a single logical link to enhance network performance and resilience. The primary advantages include:

Load Balancing Supported (B):Link aggregation distributes traffic across multiple links based on hashing algorithms (e.g., source/destination IP or MAC), improving load distribution and preventing any single link from becoming a bottleneck.

Increased Bandwidth (C):By aggregating multiple links (e.g., 1 Gbps ports into a 4 Gbps logical link), the total available bandwidth increases proportionally to the number of links.

Improved Reliability (D):If one link fails, traffic is automatically redistributed to the remaining links, ensuring continuous connectivity and high availability.

However,Improved Forwarding Performance of Switches (A)is not a direct advantage. Forwarding performance relates to the switch’s internal packet processing capabilities (e.g., ASIC performance, forwarding table size), which link aggregation does not inherently enhance. While it optimizes link utilization, it doesn’t improve the switch’s intrinsic forwarding rate or reduce latency at the hardware level. This aligns with Huawei’s CE series switch documentation, where link aggregation is described as enhancing bandwidth and reliability, not the switch’s core forwarding engine.References:Huawei CloudEngine Series Switch Configuration Guide – Link Aggregation Section.

In Huawei’s CloudFabric Solution, the underlay network provides the physical infrastructure for VXLAN overlays. Both OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) and BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) are supported routing protocols:

OSPF:Suitable for smaller to medium-sized DCNs, offering fast convergence and simplicity.

BGP:Preferred for large-scale DCNs, providing scalability and multi-tenancy support (e.g., EBGP for inter-AS or iBGP for intra-DC).

Huawei documentation confirms flexibility in choosing OSPF or BGP based on network size and requirements. The statement isTRUE (A).References:Huawei CloudFabric Data Center Network Solution – Underlay Protocols; HCIP-Data Center Network Training – Routing Options.

VXLAN (Virtual Extensible LAN) tunnels are used to encapsulate Layer 2 traffic over a Layer 3 network, a key component in Huawei’s CloudFabric data center solutions. Let’s evaluate each statement:

A. A VXLAN tunnel is identified by a pair of VTEPs:This is true. A VXLAN tunnel is identified by the pair of VXLAN Tunnel Endpoint (VTEP) IP addresses (local and remote), along with the VNI (VXLAN Network Identifier). This ensures unique tunnel identification.TRUE.

B. After a tunnel is established, if one end of the tunnel goes Down, the other end may not go Down:This is true. VXLAN tunnels are unidirectional, and the status of one end does not automatically affect the other unless the underlay network connectivity (e.g., Layer 3 reachability) is lost. The remote VTEP may remain operational if it can still encapsulate/decapsulate traffic.TRUE.

C. For a static tunnel, you need to manually configure the local and remote VNIs:This is true. In a static VXLAN tunnel, administrators must manually configure the VNI and VTEP IP addresses on both ends, as there is no dynamic control plane (e.g., BGP EVPN) to automate the process.TRUE.

D. Dynamic tunnels depend on EVPN Type 5 routes to transmit information:This is false. Dynamic VXLAN tunnels rely on BGP EVPN as the control plane, but Type 5 routes (IP Prefix routes) are specifically used for advertising host IP routes and external network routes, not for general tunnel establishment. Dynamic tunnel setup primarily uses Type 2 (MAC/IP Advertisement) and Type 3 (Multicast) routes to exchange VNI and VTEP information. Type 5 routes are relevant for Layer 3 routing, not the initial tunnel setup.FALSE.

Thus,Dis the false statement because dynamic tunnels depend on EVPN Type 2 and Type 3 routes, not Type 5, for initial establishment.References:Huawei CloudFabric Data Center Network Solution – VXLAN Configuration Guide; HCIP-Data Center Network Training – VXLAN Tunneling.

Huawei’s CloudFabric Solution supports various data center scenarios. Let’s evaluate each option:

A. Container network:This is true. CloudFabric supports containerized environments (e.g., Kubernetes) with VXLAN and SDN integration.TRUE.

B. OpenFlow network:This is false. CloudFabric primarily uses BGP-EVPN and proprietary protocols, not OpenFlow, which is more associated with other SDN platforms.FALSE.

C. Hosting:This is true. CloudFabric is suitable for hosting environments, providing multi-tenant network services.TRUE.

D. Cloud-network integration:This is true. It integrates with cloud platforms (e.g., OpenStack) for unified management.TRUE.

E. Computing:This is false. While it supports computing resources, “computing” is not a primary scenario; it’s an enabler (e.g., server connectivity).FALSE.

Thus,A, C, and Dare application scenarios.References:Huawei CloudFabric Data Center Network Solution – Use Cases; HCIP-Data Center Network Training – Application Scenarios.

FusionCompute is Huawei’s virtualization platform, part of the FusionSphere ecosystem, designed for managing virtualized resources in data centers. Its logical architecture consists of two primary modules:

VRM (Virtualization Resource Management):VRM is the management module responsible for centralized control, resource allocation, and monitoring of virtual machines, hosts, and clusters. It provides the user interface and orchestration capabilities for administrators to manage the virtualized environment.

CNA (Compute Node Agent):CNA runs on physical hosts and handles the execution of virtualization tasks, such as VM creation, resource scheduling, and communication with the underlying hypervisor (typically KVM in Huawei’s implementation). It acts as the compute node agent interfacing with the hardware.

Together, VRM and CNA form the core logical architecture of FusionCompute, with VRM managing the environment and CNA executing the compute tasks. The answer, per Huawei’s documentation, isVRM.References:Huawei FusionCompute Product Documentation – Architecture Overview; HCIP-Data Center Network Training – FusionCompute Section.

In Huawei’s spine-leaf DCN architecture, nodes have distinct roles:

A. Spine:The spine nodes form the backbone of the data center, providing high-speed IP forwarding between leaf nodes. They handle east-west traffic with non-blocking connectivity, making them the core backbone nodes.Correct.

B. DC1 leaf:This is not a standard node type; it may be a typo or misnomer. Leaf nodes connect to endpoints, not act as backbones.Incorrect.

C. Service leaf:Service leaf nodes connect to internal services (e.g., servers), not the backbone, focusing on access rather than high-speed forwarding.Incorrect.

D. Border leaf:Border leaf nodes connect to external networks, handling routing, not serving as the internal backbone.Incorrect.

Thus, the answer isA (Spine).References:Huawei CloudFabric Data Center Network Solution – Spine-Leaf Architecture; HCIP-Data Center Network Training – Node Roles.

VXLAN (Virtual Extensible LAN) tunnels are used to encapsulate Layer 2 traffic over a Layer 3 network, a key feature in Huawei’s data center solutions. The endpoints of a VXLAN tunnel are VXLAN Tunnel Endpoints (VTEPs), identified by their IP addresses.

Tunnel Identification:A VXLAN tunnel is uniquely identified by the pair of VTEP IPaddresses (local and remote), along with the VNI (VXLAN Network Identifier). This pair ensures the tunnel is specific to the communication path between the two VTEPs.

Tunnel Establishment:During setup, VTEPs exchange information to learn each other’s IP addresses. This can occur manually (static configuration) or dynamically (e.g., via BGP EVPN). The underlay network must provide Layer 3 reachability between the VTEP IP addresses, typically using routing protocols (e.g., OSPF, BGP) to ensure IP connectivity.

Reachability Condition:If the local and remote VTEP IP addresses are reachable at Layer 3, the tunnel can be established, allowing encapsulation and decapsulation of VXLAN traffic. This is a fundamental requirement in Huawei’s VXLAN implementation.

The statement isTRUE (A)because a VXLAN tunnel’s identification and establishment depend on reachable VTEP IP address pairs at Layer 3.References:Huawei HCIP-Data Center Network Training – VXLAN Tunneling; CloudFabric VXLAN Deployment Guide.

On Huawei CloudEngine (CE) series switches, VXLAN tunnel monitoring and troubleshooting involve specific commands to diagnose issues such as tunnel Down status or failed dynamic establishment. Let’s evaluate each option:

A. Run the display vxlan statistics command to check the cause of the fault:This command provides statistics on VXLAN tunnel traffic, including packet drops, encapsulation/decapsulation counts, and errors. It helps identify issues like misconfiguration or network congestion, making it a valid troubleshooting tool.TRUE.

B. Run the display vxlan peer command to check the cause of the fault on the peer device of the tunnel:This command displays information about VXLAN peers, including their IP addresses, VNIs, and reachability status. Checking the peer device’s status can reveal connectivity or configuration mismatches, aiding fault diagnosis.TRUE.

C. Run the display vxlan troubleshooting command to check the causes of at most the latest five failures to dynamically establish a VXLAN tunnel:This command logs and displays troubleshooting details, including the latest five failure reasons for dynamic tunnel setup (e.g., BGP EVPN issues or reachability problems). This is a standard feature on Huawei CE switches.TRUE.

D. Run the display vxlan troubleshooting command to check at most the latest five reasons why a VXLAN tunnel goes Down:This command also tracks reasons for tunnel Down events (e.g., underlay failure, peer unreachability), limited to the latest five incidents. This is consistent with Huawei’s troubleshooting capabilities.TRUE.

All optionsA, B, C, and Dare true, as they represent valid commands and approaches to troubleshoot VXLAN tunnel issues on Huawei CE switches.References:Huawei CloudEngine Series Switch Command Reference – VXLAN Commands; HCIP-Data Center Network Training – Troubleshooting VXLAN.

iMaster NCE-FabricInsight is Huawei’s network assurance and analytics tool, integrated with CloudFabric, that uses telemetry to monitor network health. The health function identifies various issues. Let’s evaluate each option:

A. Switch ARP entry threshold exceeded:This is true. FabricInsight monitors ARP table usage and can detect when the threshold is exceeded, indicating potential resource issues.TRUE.

B. OSPF router ID conflict:This is true. FabricInsight can detect OSPF router ID conflicts, which cause routing instability, through health checks on control plane data.TRUE.

C. Switch CPU usage threshold exceeded:This is true. FabricInsight tracks device performance metrics, including CPU usage, and flags thresholds to prevent performance degradation.TRUE.

D. Routing loop on the network:This is true. FabricInsight analyzes traffic patterns and routing tables to identify loops, leveraging telemetry data for network-wide healthassessment.TRUE.

All optionsA, B, C, and Dcan be identified by the health function of iMaster NCE-FabricInsight.References:Huawei CloudFabric Data Center Network Solution – FabricInsight Features; HCIP-Data Center Network Training – Network Health Monitoring.

The physical architecture of a server refers to the tangible and low-level components that constitute the server itself, distinct from logical or software layers. Let’s evaluate each option:

A. Application:Applications are software running on top of an operating system or virtual machine, not part of the server’s physical architecture. They belong to the logical or user layer, not the physical structure.Not Included.

B. VMmonitor (Hypervisor):Assuming “VMmonitor” refers to a hypervisor (e.g., KVM or Xen), it’s a software layer, but in Type-1 hypervisor scenarios, it runs directly on hardware, managing VMs. In Huawei’s context, it’s considered part of the server’s operational architecture when deployed physically.Included.

C. OS (Operating System):The OS (e.g., Linux, Windows) runs directly on server hardware or within a VM. In bare-metal servers, it’s a core component of the physical deployment.Included.

D. Hardware:Hardware (e.g., CPU, RAM, NICs, disks) is the foundational physical architecture of a server, providing the physical resources for all operations.Included.

Thus,A (Application)is not part of the physical architecture, as it’s a higher-level software entity, not a physical component.References:Huawei HCIP-Data Center Network Training – Server Architecture; FusionCompute Physical Architecture Overview.

In Huawei’s CloudFabric Solution,SecoManager(Security Manager) andiMaster NCE-Fabric(Network Controller) are components of the SDN ecosystem. SecoManager handles security policy management, while iMaster NCE-Fabric manages network orchestration.

Deployment:These components can be deployed independently but are designed to integrate seamlessly. Huawei’s architecture supports automated interconnection after installation, leveraging northbound/southbound APIs or pre-configured integration workflows.

Interconnection:Manual interconnection is not required post-installation; the system automates the process once both are deployed and configured within the same management domain (e.g., via IP addressing and authentication).

The statement isFALSE (B)because interconnection is automated, not manual.References:Huawei CloudFabric Data Center Network Solution – Component Integration; HCIP-Data Center Network Training – SDN Deployment.

In a hot standby scenario, firewalls (e.g., Huawei USG series) maintain high availability by synchronizing session tables between active and standby devices to ensure seamless failover. Let’s evaluate each protocol:

A. M-LAG (Multi-Chassis Link Aggregation):M-LAG is a link aggregation technology for switches, not designed for session table backup between firewalls.Incorrect.

B. VRRP (Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol):VRRP provides gateway redundancy by electing a master router, but it does not handle session table synchronization between firewalls.Incorrect.

C. BFD (Bidirectional Forwarding Detection):BFD is a fast failure detection protocolused with routing protocols, not for session table backup.Incorrect.

D. HRP (Hot Standby Redundancy Protocol):HRP is Huawei’s proprietary protocol specifically designed for firewall hot standby scenarios. It synchronizes session tables, configuration data, and status information between active and standby firewalls to ensure stateful failover.Correct.

Thus, the answer isD (HRP).References:Huawei Firewall Configuration Guide – Hot Standby; HCIP-Data Center Network Training – Firewall Redundancy.

In Huawei’s CloudFabric Solution, the iMaster NCE-Fabric SDN controller cluster separates network planes based on carried services to ensure scalability and security. Let’s evaluate each option:

A. BGP microservice plane:This is not a standard plane in Huawei’s SDN architecture. BGP is used in the underlay/overlay but not defined as a separate microservice plane for the controller.FALSE.

B. Southbound service plane:This is true. The southbound plane carries configuration and control data to network devices (e.g., via NETCONF, BGP-EVPN), a critical service plane in SDN.TRUE.

C. Northbound management plane:This is true. The northbound plane provides APIs for management applications and orchestration (e.g., OpenStack integration), handling service requests.TRUE.

D. Internal communication plane:This is true. This plane facilitates communication between controller cluster nodes for synchronization and high availability.TRUE.

Thus,B (Southbound service plane), C (Northbound management plane), and D (Internal communication plane)are the network planes divided based on carried services.References:Huawei CloudFabric Data Center Network Solution – SDN Architecture; HCIP-Data Center Network Training – Controller Planes.

In Linux, the operating system is divided intouser space(where applications run) andkernel space(where the OS core functions execute with privileged access to hardware). Let’s evaluate each function:

A. The NIC Driver Sends Data Frames:Network Interface Card (NIC) drivers operate in kernel space, managing hardware interactions like sending and receiving data frames. This is a low-level task requiring direct hardware access, handled by the kernel’s network stack.Included in Kernel Space.

B. Data Encapsulation:Data encapsulation (e.g., adding headers in the TCP/IP stack) occurs in the kernel’s network subsystem (e.g., via the protocol stack like IP or TCP). This process prepares packets for transmission and is a kernel-space function.Included in Kernel Space.

C. Bit Stream Transmission:This refers to the physical transmission of bits over thenetwork, managed by the NIC hardware and its driver in kernel space. The kernel coordinates with the NIC to send bit streams, making this a kernel-space function.Included in Kernel Space.

D. Data Encryption:Encryption (e.g., via OpenSSL or application-level VPNs) typically occurs in user space, where applications or libraries handle cryptographic operations. While the kernel supports encryption (e.g., IPsec in the network stack), the actual encryption logic is often offloaded to user-space tools, not a core kernel function in standard contexts.Not Typically in Kernel Space.

Thus,A, B, and Care functions included in the kernel space, aligning with Linux architecture in Huawei’s DCN context.References:Huawei HCIP-Data Center Network Training – Linux Basics; Linux Kernel Documentation – Kernel vs. User Space.