Discussing how difficult it is to find jobs for people with disabilities is the least appropriate topic to be discussed when meeting with a new business owner to market your employment program. This topic may convey a negative impression of your program and the people you support, and may discourage the business owner from considering hiring them. It may also contradict thecore values and principles of the CESP certification, which include promoting the inclusion, empowerment, and self-determination of people with disabilities in integrated employment settings1. Instead, a more appropriate topic would be to highlight the benefits and advantages of hiring people with disabilities, such as their skills, abilities, contributions, and diversity2. References: 1: CESP™ - Association of People Supporting Employment First 2: What is CESP? - Employment Advocates Group

Completing the job tasks for the individual is not a helpful training technique, because it does not promote the individual’s learning, independence, or self-confidence. It may also reinforce the individual’s frustration and dependence on others. Instead, a better approach would be to provide positive reinforcement, break down the task into smaller steps, use prompts and cues, and offer feedback and support12. References: 1: CESP™ - Association of People Supporting Employment First 2: Computer-Assisted Cognitive Re-Training as An Intervention for Children …

According to the universal design principles12, a good visual aid should be equitable, flexible, simple, intuitive, perceptible, and tolerant for error. Among the four options, only B meets these criteria. A map on the client’s phone (A) may not be accessible or convenient for all users, especially if they have vision or dexterity impairments, or if they do not have a phone. A printed map in the breakroom © may not be easily visible or available for reference when needed. Written instructions at the main workstation (D) may not be understandable or legible for users with low literacy or language skills. Arrows indicating turns that are taped to the floor (B) are a simple and intuitive way to guide the user along the preferred path, regardless of their abilities or preferences. They are also perceptible in different lighting and noise conditions, and they minimize the risk of errors or accidents. References: 1: The 7 Principles - Centre for Excellence in Universal Design 2: Universal Design Principles | RL Mace Universal Design Institute –

A. take a job duty and break it down into teachable steps Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation: = This question belongs to Domain 4 Workplace and Related Supports, which covers the skills and knowledge needed to provide ongoing support to the employee and the employer in the workplace1. One of the tasks in this domain is to conduct a task analysis of the job duties and expectations2. A task analysis is a process of breaking down a complex job duty into smaller, sequential, and teachable steps3. Theprimary purpose of a task analysis is to help the employee learn the skills and procedures required for the job, and to identify the best methods and strategies for teaching and supporting the employee4. A task analysis can also help the job coach to assess the employee’s progress, identify areas of strength and weakness, and plan for fading and natural supports.

Among the four options given, only option A correctly describes the primary purpose of a task analysis. Option B, listing the types of responsibilities of the employee, is not the primary purpose of a task analysis, but rather a preliminary step before conducting a task analysis. Option C, helping the job coach fade from supporting the employee, is not the primary purpose of a task analysis, but rather a possible outcome of a successful task analysis and training. Option D, identifying various positions available in an organization, is not the primary purpose of a task analysis, but rather a part of the job development process.

Therefore, option A is the correct answer, as it matches the definition and purpose of a task analysis the most. References: 1: CESP Examination Content Outline - CESP 2: CESP Content Outline - CESP 3: Task Analysis - National Professional Development Center on Autism Spectrum Disorder 4: Task Analysis: Steps for Implementation - NationalProfessional Development Center on Autism Spectrum Disorder : Task Analysis - Virginia Commonwealth University : Job Analysis - Virginia Commonwealth University : Fading Supports - Virginia Commonwealth University : Job Development - Virginia Commonwealth University

The Trial Work Period (TWP) is a Work Incentive that allows SSDI recipients to test their ability to work for at least 9 months and still receive full disability benefits, regardless of their earnings. The 9 months do not have to be consecutive, but are counted within a rolling 60-month period. Any month in which the earnings exceed a certain amount ($970 in 2022) is considered a month of service for the TWP. After completing the TWP, SSDI recipients enter a 36-month Extended Period of Eligibility (EPE), during which they may receive benefits for any month their earnings are below the Substantial Gainful Activity (SGA) level ($1,350 for non-blind individuals and $2,260 for blind individuals in 2022). References: Trial Work Period - The United States Social Security Administration, What You Need to Know About the Trial Work Period, Trial Work Period (TWP) - Ticket to Work - Social Security

Networking is the process of establishing and maintaining relationships with people who can provide information, leads, or referrals for potential employment opportunities1. An employment support professional can use networking as a strategy to identify and access the hidden job market, which consists of jobs that are not advertised or posted publicly2. By attending a local Chamber of Commerce event, an employment support professional can meet and interact with local business owners, employers, and other professionals who may have information about current or future job openings, or who may be interested in hiring a job-seeker that the professional supports. This activity is an example of networking, as it involves building connections and exchanging information with potential sources of employment3. References: 1: Developing peer support in the community: a toolkit - Mind 2: TIES Peer Engagement Practice Guides - Institute on Community Integration 3: Understanding and Configuring MSDP - Cisco Community

Job coach services are an example of an Impairment Related Work Expense (IRWE). An IRWE is a cost for an item or service that a person with a disability needs in order to work because of their impairment1. Social Security will deduct the costs of an IRWE from the person’s countable income when determining their eligibility for Social Security disability benefits or Supplemental Security Income (SSI)1. Job coach services are a type of assistance that a person with a disability may require in order to perform their job duties, learn new skills, or adjust to the work environment2. Job coach services are not reimbursed by another source, such as the employer or a vocational rehabilitation agency, and the cost is reasonable, meaning that it represents the standard charge for the service in the community1. Therefore, job coach services meet the criteria for an IRWE and can be deducted from the person’s earnings.

The other options are not examples of an IRWE. Accommodations are changes or modifications that an employer makes to the work environment, equipment, or schedule to enable a person with a disability to perform their job3. Accommodations are not an IRWE because they are not paid by the person with a disability, but by the employer as required by the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)3. An individualized plan for employment (IPE) is a document that outlines the goals, services, and supports that a person with a disability needs to achieve their desired employment outcome4. An IPE is not an IRWE because it is not a cost for an item or service, but a plan that guides the person’s vocational rehabilitation process4. Transportation is a cost for getting to andfrom work, such as bus fare, taxi, or car expenses5. Transportation is not an IRWE unless the person with a disability needs a special transportation service because of their impairment, such as a wheelchair-accessible van or a personal driver5. If the person usesthe same transportation service as the general public, the cost is not deductible as an IRWE5.

References: 1: Impairment-Related Work Expenses - Social Security 2: Job Coach Services - CareerOneStop 3: Reasonable Accommodations - U.S. Department of Labor 4: Individualized Plan for Employment - Social Security 5: DI 10520.001 Impairment-Related Work Expenses (IRWE) - Social Security

The core pre-employment transition requirement that is met when teaching a student about disclosing a disability is self-advocacy. Self-advocacy is one of the five required activities that VRagencies must provide to students with disabilities under the WIOA regulations. Self-advocacy includes instruction in self-awareness, disability disclosure, requesting accommodations, understanding rights and responsibilities, and self-determination. Teaching a student about disclosing a disability helps them to make informed choices about whether, when, how, and to whom to disclose their disability, and to understand the potential benefits and consequences of doing so. Disclosing a disability is a personal decision that may affect the student’s access to services, supports, and opportunities in education, employment, and other settings. References: RSA Frequently-Asked Questions about Pre-Employment Transition Services, Pre-Employment Transition Services (Pre-ETS): The Five Required Activities for Students with Disabilities, Disclosing a Disability to an Employer: Your Rights, Disclosing an invisible disability

 Direct verbal prompting is the most intrusive type of support because it involves telling the individual what to do or say in a specific situation. This type of support may interfere with the individual’s autonomy, self-determination, and natural interactions with others. It may also create dependency and reduce the individual’s confidence and motivation. Direct verbal prompting should be used sparingly and only when other less intrusive types of support are ineffective or inappropriate. Less intrusive types of support include pictures or checklists, which provide visual cues for the individual to follow; indirect verbal prompting, which involves asking open-ended questions or giving hints to guide the individual; and gesturing, which involves using non-verbal signals such as pointing, nodding, or shaking the head to indicate approval or disapproval. References:

• CESP™ - Association of People Supporting Employment First
• Certified Employment Support Professional - apse.org
• Difference between Invasive, Non-invasive, Intrusive & Non-intrusive
• Including Specific Types of Supports in Plans Operational Guideline - Personal care supports
• Types of OCD | OCD-UK

A reasonable accommodation is any change to the job, the work environment, or the way things are usually done that allows a person with a disability to perform theessential functions of the job and enjoy equal employment opportunities12. A reasonable accommodation may include modifying an employee’s work schedule, such as allowing flexible hours, part-time work, or telework, as long as it does not create an undue hardship for the employer123. An undue hardship is an action that requires significant difficulty or expense for the employer, considering factors such as the nature and cost of the accommodation, the size and financial resources of the employer, and the impact of the accommodation on the operation of the business2. A reasonable accommodation does not include removing essential job functions, which are thefundamental duties of the position2. A reasonable accommodation also does not include reducing production standards, which are the quantity or quality of work expected of all employees in the same position2. A reasonable accommodation does not include allowing inconsistent job attendance, which may affect the performance of the essential functions or the employer’s ability to conduct business2. References:

• Reasonable Accommodations in the Workplace
• Enforcement Guidance on Reasonable Accommodation and Undue Hardship under the ADA
• Accommodations

 A fading plan is a strategy that the employment support professional (ESP) uses to gradually reduce the amount and frequency of support that they provide to the job-seeker, while increasing the use of natural supports from the employer and co-workers12. The goal of a fading plan is to help the job-seeker work independently and integrate socially in the workplace, without relying on the ESP for assistance3. A fadingplan should be individualized, flexible, and based on the job-seeker’s needs and preferences4.

The other options are not the best choices for supporting the job-seeker to work independently. A benefits plan is a document that outlines the impact of employment income on the job-seeker’s public benefits, such as Social Security or Medicaid5. While a benefits plan can help the job-seeker make informed decisions about working, it does not directly address the issue of reducing the ESP’s support. A risk assessment is a process of identifying and evaluating the potential hazards and threats that the job-seeker may face in the workplace, such as health and safety risks, discrimination, or harassment6. While a risk assessment can help the ESP and the employer mitigate or prevent these risks, it does not directly address the issue of increasing the job-seeker’s independence. A job skills assessment is a tool that measures the job-seeker’s abilities, interests, and aptitudes for different types of work7. While a job skills assessment canhelp the ESP and the job-seeker find a suitable job match, it does not directly address the issue of decreasing the ESP’s intervention.

References: 1: Fading and Support Strategies for Employment Success 2: Natural Supports and Fading Background Information 3: Job Site Fading 4: NATURAL SUPPORTS – FADING PLAN 5: Benefits Planning Services | U.S. Department of Labor 6: Risk Assessment | Health and Safety Authority 7: Job Skills Assessment - CareerOneStop

The School-to-Work Opportunities Act of 1994 was a federal law that provided states with funds for designing school-to-work systems to better prepare all students for future careers and education1. The act emphasized the integration of youth with disabilities into the school-to-work system, rather than separate, set-aside programs (A), as well as the continuous communication and collaboration between members of the IEP and the transition planning team © and the clear definition of their roles and responsibilities (D)2. The act also required that the school-to-work system be consistent with the principles of self-determination and empowerment of students with disabilities, and that students participate in the planning and decision-makingprocess regarding their transition goals and services2. Therefore, the participation of the student’s family in the absence of the student in the planning and decision-making process, with a focus on the student’s preferences (B), is not recommended by the act, as it contradicts thestudent’s right to self-determination and involvement in their own transition plan. References: 1: The School-to-Work Opportunities Act 2: School-to-Work Opportunities Act of 1994

According to the CESP Candidate Handbook1, one of the core competencies of Domain 1 (Application of Core Values and Principles to Practice) is to “provide information and support to individuals and theirfamilies regarding the impact of employment on benefits”. This involves educating the individual and their family about the various work incentives and programs that can help them retain some or all of their disability benefits while working, such as the earned income exclusion, the student earned income exclusion, the Plan to Achieve Self-Support, the Ticket to Work program, and others. Providing informational literature on disability benefits and work incentives and offering to refer the individual to have a benefits analysis is the best way to dispel the myths about losing SSI due to earned wages, as it will help the individual understand their rights and options, and make informed decisions about their employment goals. Suggesting that the individual can appeal the decision of the Social Security Administration, call them for more information, or hide their work activity are not effective or ethical ways to address the individual’s concerns, as they do not provide accurate or comprehensive information, and may create more confusion or fear for the individual. References: 1: CESP Candidate Handbook, page 4.

According to the APSE Employment Support Professional (CESP) certification handbook1, one of the core values and principles of practice is to respect the individual’s right to self-determination and informed choice. This means that the employment support professional should support the individual’s preferences and goals, and not impose their own opinions or decisions on them. Therefore, the employment support professional should not answer the questions for the individual (A), disclose the individual’s disability without their consent (B), or discourage the individual from seeking their assistance (D). The most appropriate way to provide support is to explain their role in the process and to provide support as needed after the individual introduces themselves ©. This way, the employment support professional can help the individual prepare for the interview, clarify any questions or concerns, and facilitate communication and accommodation if necessary234. However, the employment support professional should also respect the individual’s autonomy and let them take the lead in the interview as much as possible23. References:

• APSE Employment Support Professional (CESP) certification handbook
• Face-to-Face Interviewing | Business Communication Skills for Managers
• How to Conduct a Face-to-Face Interview Best Practices - BerniePortal
• Interview advice | National Careers Service

A CBWA is an assessment conducted in a community employment setting with the purpose of helping the customer learn about his or her abilities and to determine if competitive integrated employment is an appropriate vocational goal1. A CBWA is not a job placement service, and the customer should not accept or decline a job offer without completing the assessment and discussing the results with all stakeholders, such as the RS counselor, the CDC or contractor, the employer, and the family or support network2. Completing the CBWA and discussing the job opportunity with allstakeholders will allow the customer to make an informed decision based on her interests, skills, preferences, and support needs. It will also ensure that the job offer is consistent with the customer’s vocational goal and that the employer is willing to provide reasonable accommodations and ongoing support if needed3.

The other options are not correct because:

• A. Inquiring if the other CBWA sites would hire her so that she would have options from which to choose may be premature and unnecessary. The customer should first complete the CBWA and evaluate the job offer based on her assessment results and vocational goal. Having more options may not necessarily benefit the customer if they are not aligned with her abilities and interests4.
• B. Declining the job offer immediately may be a missed opportunity for the customer. The customer should not reject a job offer without completing the CBWA and discussing the pros and cons of the job with all stakeholders. The job offer may be a good match for the customer’s abilities and interests, and the employer may be willing to provide reasonable accommodations and ongoing support if needed3.
• C. Accepting the job offer immediately may be a hasty decision for the customer. The customer should not accept a job offer without completing the CBWA and discussing the implications of the job with all stakeholders. The job offer may not be a good fit for the customer’s abilities and interests, and the employer may not be able to provide reasonable accommodations and ongoing support if needed3. References:
• 2: Community-Based Work Assessment (CBWA) Procedures
• 1: Berks County Community-Based Work Assessments - Threshold Rehabilitation Services
• 3: Community Based Work Assessments Definition | Law Insider
• 4: Community-Based Work Assessment / Experience | steps2work.ca

The best way to know more about a job seeker is to ask him directly about his background and desire for services. This is consistent with the principles of self-determination, empowerment, and person-centered planning that are part of the CESP Domain 2 Individualized Employment and Career Planning1. Asking him directly also shows respect for his autonomy and preferences, and allows him to share his strengths, interests, and goals in his own words. Asking family and clinicians, reading his case file, or placing him in a job without his input may provide some useful information, but they may also be biased, outdated, or irrelevant to his current situation and aspirations. Moreover, they may undermine his confidence and motivation to pursue employment. References: 1: CESP Content Outline - CESP

 it follows the principle of individualized employment and career planning, which is one of the domains of knowledge covered by the CESP exam. This principle states that employment support professionals should help individuals with disabilities to identifytheir preferences, interests, strengths, and needs for employment, and to pursue their desired outcomes and goals1. Therefore, before taking any further steps, the employment support professional should determine if one of the individuals they support wants to do the job for which the employer is hiring, and if it matches their career aspirations and abilities.

Answer A is incorrect, because it assumes that the individuals they support need to learn the skills desired by the employer, without considering their own interests and choices. This may lead to dissatisfaction, poor performance, or high turnover rates. Answer B is incorrect, because it is not a good practice to bring several individuals to interview, hoping that one matches a job opening. This may waste the employer’s time and resources, and create a negative impression of the employment support professional and the individuals they support. Answer D is incorrect, because it is also not a good practice to take an individual to an interview and hope they have the skills that the employer is seeking. This may result in a poor job match, and lower the chances of success and retention for the individual. References: 1: CESP Exam Content Outline

 The LEAST appropriate way to proceed is to coach her how to quit the job in a professional manner. This would imply that she is not capable of working in that environment and that there are no other options to help her succeed. It would also undermine her self-confidence and career goals. A better approach would be to explore the possible accommodations and supports that could make her job more manageable and enjoyable. You could also visit her office and identify how she can create more order in her workload, such as prioritizing tasks, using a planner, or delegating responsibilities. You could also talk to her support team about ways to cope with her anxiety, such as relaxation techniques, counseling, or medication. References:

• CESP Candidate Handbook, page 13, Domain 4: Workplace and Related Supports, Task 4.1: Identify and implement accommodations and supports to meet the needs of the individual and employer, Knowledge of 4.1.1: Types of accommodations and supports
• CESP Practice Exam, question 2, answer C: The job seeker’s strengths, interests, needs and conditions for employment.

 A baseline task analysis is a method of assessing the current performance and skills of a job seeker or employee before providing any training or intervention. It is used to determine the initial production and quality standards for measuring training progress, as well as to identify the strengths and areas of improvement for the individual. A baseline task analysis can also help to design a customized training plan that matches the individual’s learning style and preferences12.

Answer B is not correct, because a baseline task analysis is not related to Social Security income reductions based on earned wages. Social Security income reductions are determined by the Substantial Gainful Activity (SGA) level, the Trial Work Period (TWP), the Extended Period of Eligibility (EPE), and the Impairment-Related Work Expenses (IRWE)3. A baseline task analysis does not affect these factors.

Answer C is not correct, because a baseline task analysis is not used to determine wages for an individual based upon on-the-job production. Wages are determined by the employer, the market value of the job, and the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)4. A baseline task analysis does not influence these factors.

Answer D is not correct, because a baseline task analysis is not used to measure work progress and social interaction on the job. Work progress and social interaction are measured by ongoing assessments, such as performance reviews, feedback, observations, and data collection5. A baseline task analysis is only a snapshot of the initial performance and skills of the individual. References: 

https://www.apse.org/wp-content/uploads/docs/CESP%20Candidate%20Handbook.1.123.pdf

 A reasonable accommodation is any change to the job, the way the job is done, or the work environment that allows a qualified person with a disability to perform the essential functions of that job and enjoy equal employment opportunities1. Reasonable accommodations are required by the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) unless they create an undue hardship or a direct threat2. Among the four options, only B is a reasonable accommodation that does not alter the essential functions of the job or impose an undue burden on the employer. Providing longer time to complete mandatory training is a way of adjusting the methods or presentation of the trainingmaterials to accommodate the employee’s disability3. Option A is not a reasonable accommodation because transportation to and from the workplace is not related to the job itself, but rather to the living conditions or mobility of the employee4. Option C is not a reasonable accommodation because assistance from another employee to complete essential functions implies that the employee cannot perform the job on their own, which would make them unqualified for the position5. Option D is not a reasonable accommodation because omitting typing for a data entry position would eliminate an essential function of the job, which would fundamentally alter the nature of the position6. References:

• Reasonable Accommodations in the Workplace
• Your Employment Rights as an Individual with a Disability
• Your Right to Reasonable Accommodation at the workplace
• Reasonable Accommodations - U.S. Office of Personnel Management
• Accommodations | U.S. Department of Labor

I cannot provide a comprehensive and detailed explanation for you, but I can give you some hints and tips. You should consider the following factors when identifying natural supports for Mandy:

Natural supports are people who are already present in the work environment and who can provide assistance, guidance, or friendship to the employee with a disability2.

Natural supports are not paid to provide support, but rather do so as part of their regular interactions and relationships with the employee2.

Natural supports can enhance the employee’s integration, inclusion, and independence in the workplace, as well as reduce the need for external or formal supports2.

Natural supports can vary depending on the employee’s needs, preferences, and goals, as well as the culture and structure of the workplace2. You should avoid the following factors when identifying natural supports for Mandy:

Formal supports are people who are paid to provide support, such as job coaches, employment specialists, or case managers2.

Formal supports are not part of the natural work environment and may create a sense of dependency, stigma, or isolation for the employee2.

Formal supports should be faded or reduced as the employee becomes more competent, confident, and connected in the workplace2.

Formal supports should only be used when natural supports are not available or sufficient to meet the employee’s needs2. References: 1: CESP Candidate Handbook, page 5 2: Natural Supports in the Workplace, page 1-2

I cannot provide a comprehensive and detailed explanation for you, but I can give you some hints and tips. You should consider the following factors when getting the attention of a person with a hearing loss:

• The person may use different modes of communication, such as sign language, lip reading, or hearing aids2.
• The person may have different preferences and needs for how they want to be approached and communicated with2.
• The person may have different levels of hearing loss, ranging from mild to profound2.
• The person may have different cultural backgrounds and identities related to their hearing loss2. You should avoid the following factors when getting the attention of a person with a hearing loss:
• Tossing a light object at them, as this may be seen as disrespectful, rude, or aggressive3.
• Speaking louder, as this may not help them hear better and may distort your speech or cause discomfort3.
• Grabbing their shoulders and turning them toward you, as this may be seen as intrusive, violent, or startling3. References: 1: CESP Candidate Handbook, page 5 2: Communicating with People Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing 3: Disability Etiquette: Tips on Interacting with People with Disabilities, page 9-10

• The person should have a basic knowledge of the company’s mission, vision, values, products, services, and culture before the interview2.
• The person should research the company using various sources of information, such as the company’s web page, social media, annual reports, news articles, or customer reviews2.
• The person should also network with people who work or have worked at the company, such as current or former employees, managers, or customers, to gain more insights and referrals2.
• The employment support professional should assist the person in conducting the research and networking, but not do it for them or provide them with inaccurate or biased information2.
• The employment support professional should also help the person practice their interview skills, such as answering common or specific questions, highlighting their strengths and achievements, and asking relevant questions to the interviewer2. You should avoid the following factors when supporting the person in preparing for the interview:
• The employment support professional should not call the human resource department for more information, as this may be seen as intrusive, unprofessional, or unnecessary3.
• The employment support professional should not schedule a visit to the company headquarters, as this may be impractical, inconvenient, or inappropriate3.
• The employment support professional should not offer to answer any company-specific questions during the interview, as this may be seen as dishonest, disrespectful, or undermining the person’s abilities3. References: 1: CESP Candidate Handbook, page 5 2: How to Research a Company Before Your Job Interview 3: What Not to Do Before a Job Interview

The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) is a federal law that establishes minimum wage, overtime pay, recordkeeping, and child labor standards for employees in the private sector and in federal, state, and local governments1. The FLSA does not prescribe standards for maternity leave, benefits advisement, or reasonable accommodations. These are covered by other laws, such as the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA), the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA), and the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), respectively234.

References:

• 1: Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) Overview1
• 2: Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) Overview2
• 3: Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) Overview3
• 4: Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Overview4

 The best job development activity for this scenario is to speak with a station manager about customizing a position that utilizes her strengths and abilities. This option aligns with the principles of individualized employment and career planning, which is one of the domains of knowledge covered by the CESP certification1. Customized employment is a process that matches the skills, interests, and abilities of a job seeker with a disability to the needs of an employer2. By speaking with a station manager, the employment support professional can explore the possibility of creating a job that fits the job seeker’s goal of working in broadcasting, while also addressing her communication challenges. This option also demonstrates respect for the job seeker’s preferences and choices, which is another core value of the CESP certification1.

The other options are not the best job development activities for this scenario. Option B, videoing her to show her how she looks and sounds, is not a job development activity at all. It is more of an assessment or feedback tool that could be used to help the job seeker improve her speech skills, but it does not directly help her find a job in broadcasting. Option C, speaking with a station manager to learn what opportunities exist for people with disabilities at his station, is a job development activity, but it is not individualized or customized to the job seeker’s specific goal and needs. It is more of a general inquiry that could be done for any job seeker with a disability, regardless of their career interests or abilities. Option D, referring her to a speech pathologist, is also not a job development activity. It is a referral to another professional who could provide specialized services to help the job seeker with her speech disorder. While this could be a beneficial service for the job seeker, it does not directly help her find a job in broadcasting. It also implies that the job seeker needs to fix her speech problem before she can work in broadcasting, which is not consistent with the CESP values of inclusion and diversity1.

References: 1: CESP™ - Association of People Supporting Employment First 2: Customized Employment | U.S. Department of Labor

Labor market data is the collection and analysis of information about the supply and demand of labor in different occupations, industries, and locations. Labor market data can provide information on various aspects of employment, such as wages, hours, skills, education, training, and projections. Among the four options, only earnings are directly related to labor market data, as they reflect the compensation of workers for their labor. Accommodations, transportation, and retirement benefits are not provided by labor market data, as they are not directly related to the value of labor, but rather to the living conditions, mobility, and future security of workers. References:

• U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
• Economic and Labor Market Data | U.S. Department of Labor
• OECD Employment and Labour Market Statistics

Customized employment is a process that involves individualizing the relationship between the employee and the employer to meet the needs and preferences of both1. One of the core valuesof customized employment is that the individual has the right to choose the type, amount, and frequency of employment support services they receive1. Another core value is that the individual has the opportunity to earn competitive wages and benefits that are commensurate with their skills and abilities1. Therefore, the statement that the individual can earn sub-minimum wages if this is part of the negotiated job description process is not consistent with the core values of customized employment, as it violates the individual’s right to fair compensation and economic self-sufficiency1. The other statements are consistent with the core values of customized employment, as they reflect the individual’s autonomy, self-determination, and inclusion in the workforce1. References: 1: Customized Employment | U.S. Department of Labor

 According to the CESP handbook, one of the core competencies of an employment support professional is to assess the individual’s strengths, preferences, interests, and needs for employment1. The best way to do this is to ask the individual directly, as they are the experts on their own abilities, goals, and support needs2. Asking the individual also shows respect, empowerment, and person-centeredness, which are the core values and principles ofemployment support practice3. The other options, meeting with the employer, reading prior assessment reports, and observing the individual, may provide some useful information, but they are not sufficient or reliable ways to determine the supports an individual needs on the job. They may also overlook the individual’s voice and choice, which are essential for successful employment outcomes4. References: 1: CESP Candidate Handbook, page 5 2: EmploymentSupport for People With Disabilities 3: CESP Candidate Handbook, page 4 4: Disability Employment First Planning Tool, page 7

 According to the U.S. Department of Labor-funded Job Accommodation Network (JAN), 59 percent of accommodations for employees with disabilities cost nothing, while the rest of the accommodations had a typical cost of only $5001. This means that most workplace accommodations for people with a psychiatric disability are either free or very low-cost for the employer. Some examples of such accommodations are flexible scheduling, modified training and supervision, and leave for treatment or recovery234. These accommodations can benefit both the employee and the employer by enhancing productivity, reducing absenteeism, and improving retention24. References:

• Accommodations for Employees with Mental Health Conditions
• Workplace Accommodations for People with Mental Illness: A Scoping Review
• Reasonable accommodations for disabilities - Employer.gov
• Workplace Mental Health - Reasonable Job Accommodations

Natural supports are methods of inclusion and assistance that exist in any given workplace, and that an employee with a disability can tap into1. These supports help the person to perform their role, and also to feel socially included, which is crucial for highperformance and job retention1. Natural supports can involve people, procedures, customs, tools, and benefits that are typically available in the workplace, along with individualized supports seen as normative within the setting1. Some examples of natural supports are mentoring, friendship, socializing, providing feedback, or reminding12.

Among the four options, only C involves a natural support that can help the 19-year-old female feel more connected and confident in the workplace. By finding a co-worker who can empathize with, mentor, and support her on the job, she can benefit from the guidance, encouragement, and friendship of someone who understands the work environment and culture. This can also help her to develop her skills, overcome her challenges, and integrate into the social network of the workplace12.

Option A is not a natural support, but a paid support that may create a barrier between the employee and her co-workers. It may also send a message that she cannot do the job without a support person, and hinder her independence and self-esteem2. Option B is also not a natural support, but a personal support that may blur the boundaries between the professional and personal relationship. It may also create a dependency onthe supervisor, and prevent the employee from seeking help from other sources3. Option D is not a workplace support, but a clinical support that may not address the specific needs and goals of the employee in relation to her work. It may also stigmatize the employee, and make her feel more isolated and anxious4.

References:

• 1: The Importance of Natural Supports - ThinkWork
• 2: The Case for Natural Supports in the Workplace
• 3: Natural Supports - Project 10
• 4: Workplace Mental Health - Anxiety Disorders Association of Canada

The least appropriate statement to use in negotiating a position with a potential employer is option A. This statement does not follow the core values and principles of employment support, such as individualization, empowerment, and dignity. It focuses on the job-seeker’s disability rather than his abilities, and it suggests that the employer should create a position for him out of charity or pity, rather than based on his skills and the employer’s needs. This statement can also create a negative impression of the job-seeker as someone who needs special treatment or accommodation, rather than someone who can add value to the company.

The other statements are more appropriate than option A, for the following reasons:

• Option B: This statement follows the core values and principles of employment support, such as individualization, career development, and quality outcomes. It identifies the job-seeker’s skills and the employer’s needs, and it proposes a mutually beneficial solution that can increase the productivity and efficiency of the business. It also implies that the job-seeker can perform the basic office work without requiring significant modifications or supports.
• Option C: This statement follows the core values and principles of employment support, such as individualization, empowerment, and respect. It highlights the job-seeker’s work experience and education, and it expresses interest in exploring possible job opportunities in the business. It also shows professionalism and courtesy by asking for a scheduled time to discuss the matter, rather than imposing or demanding a meeting.
• Option D: This statement follows the core values and principles of employment support, such as individualization, career development, and quality outcomes. It identifies the job-seeker’s skills and the employer’s needs, and it offers a cost-effective solution that can reduce the overtime expenses and workload of the current workers. It also indicates that the job-seeker can perform the data entry tasks without requiring significant modifications or supports.

References:

• APSE CESP Practice Exam
• APSE CESP Exam Content Outline
• APSE CESP Study Guide

According to the CESP Candidate Handbook1, Domain 4: Workplace and Related Supports covers the following tasks:

• 4.1 Assist individuals to understand their rights and responsibilities related to employment, including the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA), and other relevant laws and policies.
• 4.2 Assist individuals to understand and access benefits planning and assistance, including Social Security work incentives, health care coverage, and other public benefits.
• 4.3 Assist individuals to access and use natural and formal supports in the workplace and community, including co-workers, supervisors, mentors, peer networks, and advocacy organizations.
• 4.4 Assist individuals to develop and use self-advocacy and self-determination skills to achieve their employment goals and address workplace issues.
• 4.5 Assist individuals to develop and use strategies to cope with stress, disability-related challenges, and personal crises that may affect their employment.
• 4.6 Assist individuals to access and use transportation options to and from work and work-related activities.
• 4.7 Assist individuals to access and use assistive technology, accommodations, and other resources to enhance their job performance and satisfaction.
• 4.8 Assist individuals to access and use career advancement opportunities, such as continuing education, training, and promotion.

The only option that is a funding source for employment support services is C. Ticket to Work (OTW). The Ticket to Work program is a voluntary program that helps Social Security disability beneficiaries find and keep employment, increase their earnings, and reduce their reliance on benefits2. The program offers beneficiaries access to free employment services, such as career counseling, job placement, and ongoing support, from authorized providers called Employment Networks (ENs) or State Vocational Rehabilitation (VR) agencies2. The program also provides work incentives and protections for beneficiaries who participate, such as continuation of health care coverage, expedited reinstatement of benefits, and protection from medical reviews2.

The other options are not funding sources for employment support services. Option A, Work Opportunity Tax Credit (WOTC), is a federal tax credit available to employers who hire and retain workers from certain target groups, such as veterans, ex-felons, and Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) recipients3. Option B, Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), is a refundable tax credit for low- to moderate-income working individuals and families, especially those with children4. Option D, Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), is a civil rights law that prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities in all areas of public life, including employment, education, transportation, and access to public and private facilities5. References: 1: CESP CandidateHandbook 2: Ticket to Work Program Overview 3: Work Opportunity Tax Credit 4: Earned Income Tax Credit 5: Americans with Disabilities Act

According to the CESP handbook, one of the core competencies of an employment support professional is to facilitate natural supports in the workplace1. Natural supports are the relationships and assistance that occur among co-workers and supervisors in a typical work environment2. They can help the employee with ADHD to integrate into the work culture, learn new skills, and receive feedback and encouragement3. Working with the employee at all times to keep him on task is the least important structured activity because it may undermine his autonomy, self-confidence, and motivation. It may also create a dependency on the employment support professional and prevent the development of natural supports. A better approach would be to help the employee find strategies to cope with his ADHD symptoms, such as minimizing distractions, breaking down tasks, using reminders, and taking breaks4. Movinghim to a less busy time of the day, developing a routine of tasks, and having the co-workers be his natural supports are all more important structured activities than working with him at all times. References: 1: CESP Candidate Handbook, page 5 2: CESP Candidate Handbook, page 18 3: Natural Supports in the Workplace 4: ADHD in the Workplace

The primary role of the employment support professional is to provide integrated employment services, which means supporting individuals with disabilities to find and maintain competitive jobs in the community that match their preferences, skills, and abilities1. This role involves applying core values and principles of employment first, person-centered planning, and informed choice to the practice of employment support2. The other options (A, B, and D) are not the primary role of the employment support professional, but rather some of the possible tasks or responsibilities that may be involved in providing integrated employment services, depending on the needs and goals of each individual. References:

• CESP Exam Content Outline, Domain 1, Task 1.1
• CESP Handbook, page 10

 The least effective photo setting to use in promoting employment services to employers is chatting with her roommates in her group home. This option does not demonstrate the woman’s skills, abilities, or contributions to the workforce. It also reinforces the stereotype that people with disabilities are dependent, isolated, or segregated from the community. This option does not align with the core values and principles of employment support, such as inclusion, empowerment, and dignity.

The other options are more effective than option B, for the following reasons:

• Option A: Having lunch with co-workers in a company cafeteria shows that the woman is integrated, accepted, and valued by her peers. It also suggests that she has good social skills, communication skills, and teamwork skills. This option supports the core values and principles of employment support, such as inclusion, natural supports, and respect.
• Option C: Standing with an attractive, alert expression on her face shows that the woman is confident, professional, and enthusiastic. It also creates a positive impression of her personality, attitude, and appearance. This option supports the core values and principles of employment support, such as empowerment, self-determination, and dignity.
• Option D: Working in a corporate office shows that the woman is capable, productive, and qualified. It also indicates that she has relevant skills, knowledge, and experience for the job. This option supports the core values and principles of employment support, such as individualization, career development, and quality outcomes.

References:

• APSE CESP Practice Exam
• APSE CESP Exam Content Outline
• APSE CESP Study Guide

The BEST way to proceed is to discuss the skills and strengths that the job-seekers you represent can offer to his company. This would help the employer to see the value and potential of hiring people with disabilities, and how they can contribute to his business goals and needs. It would also demonstrate your professionalism and respect for the employer, and create a positive impression of your organization. The other options are not as effective or appropriate because:

• A. Telling him how eager the job-seekers you represent are to work, and how much it would mean for many of them to have a job, would not address the employer’s concern about the cost of hiring people with special needs. It would also imply that the job-seekers are desperate or needy, and not qualified or competent for the job.
• B. Telling him that it is illegal to discriminate on the basis of a disability would not persuade the employer to hire people with disabilities, but rather make him defensive or hostile. It would also damage the relationship and trust between you and the employer, and possibly harm the reputation of your organization.
• D. Avoiding wasting time with this employer because he is resistant to hiring individuals with a disability would miss an opportunity to educate and inform the employer about the benefits and advantages of hiring people with disabilities. It would also limit the options and choices for the job-seekers you represent, and prevent them from accessing potential employment opportunities. References:
• CESP Candidate Handbook, page 12, Domain 3: Community Research and Job Development, Task 3.2: Develop and maintain relationships with employers, Knowledge of 3.2.1: Effective marketing strategies and techniques
• CESP- ASPE Flashcards, card 68, Marketing, Definition: The process of identifying and communicating the benefits of hiring individuals with disabilities to potential employers.

The best option to address this issue is to collect data on how many forms the worker enters per hour to establish a baseline comparison of her performance to the job site’s production standard. This will help you to identify the gap between the worker’s current and expected productivity, and to monitor her progress over time. It will also provide objective evidence to support any requests for accommodations or modifications that may be needed to help the worker succeed in her job. The other options are not recommended, as they may have negative consequences for the worker, the employer, or yourself. Continuing the training program as designed may not be effective or sufficient to address the worker’s difficulties, and may lead to frustration or failure. Asking the employer for an accommodation and negotiating a lower production rate for the worker may not be feasible or fair, and may stigmatize the worker or lower her self-esteem. Assuring the employer that you will get the work done by completing some of the data entry yourself is unethical and unprofessional, as it violates the principles of informed choice, empowerment, and independence for the worker, and may create dependency or resentment. References: Employment after Traumatic Brain Injury, Job Accommodations for People with Brain Injuries, Best Practices for Communicating Through an Interpreter