IEEE 802.11ac Wave 2 APs are backward compatible with 802.11a/n clients, allowing these devices to connect and communicate with the newer APs, albeit at their respective maximum supported speeds.

The exhibit refers to the Cisco Prime Infrastructure’s planning mode feature, which is a tool used for designing and planning wireless networks. The planning mode allows network administrators to input floor plans and simulate access point placement for optimal coverage. It does not require a special license; it is part of the Cisco Prime Infrastructure’s base functionalities. Planning mode does not necessarily present the recommended number of APs; instead, it allows users to manually place potential APs on a map to predict coverage areas. While synchronization with controllers may enhance functionality, it is not strictly necessary for planning mode to operate.

References := (CCNP Enterprise Wireless Design ENWLSD 300-425 and Implementation ENWLSI 300-430 Official Cert Guide Premium Edition and Practice)

 When a Wireless LAN Controller (WLC) SSO is set up between two WLCs in a service provider network, and there is a failover, the secondary WLC should ideally support the same client count as the primary. If only about half of the original client count is showing on the secondary WLC post-failover, it suggests that the WLCs had not completed the database synchronization before the primary WLC failed. This incomplete sync would result in a loss of client information, leading to a reduced client count on the secondary WLC.

To reduce co-channel interference, it’s beneficial to decrease channel bonding, which will increase the number of non-overlapping channels available. Reducing the power of the APs can also help minimize interference by reducing the range of each AP’s signal, thereby reducing the chance of overlap.

 The most effective way to address the issue is to resurvey the areas with the correct survey devices. This ensures that the design accurately reflects the performance characteristics of the specified access points for each area type, leading to a more reliable and efficient wireless network design tailored to each environment’s specific needs.

Jammers are non-Wi-Fi interferers that can be identified by Metageek Chanalyzer. They intentionally disrupt wireless communications by emitting radio frequencies that interfere with Wi-Fi signals. Chanalyzer is designed to detect such patterns of interference.

https://www.metageek.com/training/resources/wifi-and-non-wifi-interference

The voice readiness tool in Cisco Prime inspects the network against a dBm range that is suitable for voice over Wi-Fi. The range of -72 to -67 dBm is considered optimal for voice applications, ensuring clear audio quality and minimal packet loss.

https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/net_mgmt/prime/infrastructure/34/user/guide/bk_CiscoPrimeInfrastructure_3_4_0_UserGuide/bk_CiscoPrimeInfrastructure_3_4_0_UserGuide_chapter_01010.html

 The Cisco Aironet 3800 Series APs support mGig, which allows for higher throughput over existing cabling. However, the maximum cable length that supports 5G operation is limited by the quality of the cable and signal attenuation. Category 5e cabling can support 5G operation up to a length of 130 meters, which is within the acceptable range for maintaining the required signal integrity for 5G speeds.

 AP groups allow the engineer to apply different policies for APs in the auditorium versus those in the hallway. RRM (Radio Resource Management) can dynamically adjust the TX power and channel settings to optimize the wireless coverage and capacity.

Raising the minimum data rate to 24 Mbps will reduce the range at which devices can connect, thereby reducing channel overlap. Using directional antennas can also help limit the coverage area of some APs, which can further reduce channel overlap by focusing the signal in specific directions rather than in a broad coverage pattern. References: Designing Cisco Enterprise Wireless Networks (ENWLSD 300-425)

 When designing a backhaul link, the mesh AP role should be set to ‘bridge’ to enable it to connect separate network segments or extend coverage to remote areas.

 For mobility tunneling through a firewall in a Cisco wireless network environment, UDP port 16666 must be open along with IP Protocol number ‘97’, which is used for Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) traffic typically found in IPsec tunnels. By ensuring these ports are mapped correctly through the firewall, R&D engineers can roam within their department while maintaining a secure mobility tunnel. References := (CCNP Enterprise Wireless Design ENWLSD 300-425 and Implementation ENWLSI 300-430 Official Cert Guide Premium Edition and Practice)

To address aesthetic concerns, using enclosures can effectively conceal wireless infrastructure, such as access points, within the environment. This helps maintain the visual appeal of the area while still providing the necessary wireless coverage.

 When collapsing all controllers to a single cluster in a central location, one must consider the availability of channels across different regions. Regulatory domains vary globally, and certain channels allowed in Europe may not be available or legal in other parts of the world. This can affect the consistency of wireless coverage and performance.

https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/wireless/controller/technotes/86/b_Cisco_Wireless_LAN_Controller_Configuration_Best_Practices.html

 Smartphones and tablets typically have fewer antennas than laptops, which can affect their signal reception and transmission capabilities. Additionally, they often support lower data rates compared to laptops due to their smaller size and power constraints.

 The AP fallback feature is designed to allow access points to return to their primary controller after they have connected to a secondary controller due to a failure or connectivity issue with the primary. This setting ensures that once the primary controller is back online, the APs will recognize it and re-establish their connection as per the original network design. This feature is crucial for maintaining the intended controller hierarchy and ensuring seamless wireless network operation.

Aggregated Probe Response Optimization should be enabled on the controller to optimize roaming, especially for environments with a high density of Apple OS devices. This feature reduces airtime consumption and overhead by aggregating probe responses, which can improve the roaming experience for the employees.

 The Cisco 5520 WLC v8.3 requires a base license to use OfficeExtend AP functionality, which allows remote workers to have the same wireless connectivity as they would in an office environment.

 In a wireless design that requires bridging wired IP surveillance cameras through a mesh AP, the cameras should connect to the AP operating in Mesh AP mode (MAP). This mode allows the AP to function as part of a wireless mesh network, providing connectivity to wired devices like IP cameras in areas where it’s difficult to run Ethernet cables.

References: Designing Cisco Enterprise Wireless Networks (ENWLSD) 300-425 Official Cert Guide

 Changing the TPC Power Threshold to -65 dBm would generally result in a decrease in the transmit power of APs to maintain a smaller cell size. This helps in reducing interference and improving overall network performance. A lower threshold means the APs reduce their power to ensure the signal does not exceed -65 dBm, leading to decreased signal strength at the client side.

 The design approach should use the 5 GHz frequency band without channel bonding to support 20 MHz channels. This provides a balance between network capacity and interference mitigation.

https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/wireless/4400-series-wireless-lan-controllers/108184-config-802-11n-wlc.html

The WPlus license is suitable for environments using OfficeExtend Access Points (OEAP), which allows employees to work from home with a seamless connection to the corporate wireless network. The WPlus license enables features such as advanced security and increased scalability for remote workers. References: CCNP Enterprise Wireless Design ENWLSD 300-425 and Implementation ENWLSI 300-430 Official Cert Guide.

For handheld mobile scanners processing credit card payments, security and seamless roaming are critical. The 802.11w standard, also known as Protected Management Frames (PMF), provides enhanced security that helps prevent disconnections and issues when roaming between access points. Incorporating 802.11w in the design ensures that the scanners maintain a secure and consistent connection while moving throughout the environment. References: CCNP Enterprise Wireless Design ENWLSD 300-425 and Implementation ENWLSI 300-430 Official Cert Guide Premium Edition and Practice

 In environments with high client density, deploying APs for 5 GHz coverage is recommended due to the larger number of non-overlapping channels available, which can support higher data rates and client capacity. Disabling the 2.4 GHz radios on some APs can reduce interference and improve overall network performance.

https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/wireless/controller/technotes/86/b_Cisco_Wireless_LAN_Controller_Configuration_Best_Practices.html

 Cisco 3800 Series APs support higher speeds provided by IEEE 802.11ac Wave 2, which Fast Ethernet switches cannot fully support. Replacing them with mGig or gigabit switches with 10G uplinks will ensure the infrastructure can handle the increased data rates. The CAT 6A standard supports these speeds, so there’s no need to replace the wiring if it’s already CAT 6A.

The 5 GHz band is recommended for voice over wireless due to its wider channel bandwidths, allowing for higher data rates. Setting the cell boundary at -67 dBm ensures sufficient signal strength for reliable voice communication. References: CCNP Enterprise Wireless Design ENWLSD 300-425 Official Cert Guide.

In Cisco WLC release 8.9, the controller software can scale up to 20 WLCs and 3000 APs within a single RF group. This capability allows the Radio Resource Management (RRM) algorithms to function effectively across a larger network, optimizing the wireless experience by managing the RF environment and resources across multiple controllers and access points.

References: CCNP Enterprise Wireless Design ENWLSD 300-425 and Implementation ENWLSI 300-430 Official Cert Guide Premium Edition and Practice.

A centralized wireless architecture is suitable for a college with multiple buildings. It allows for centralized management of WLCs and supports seamless roaming for wireless clients across different APs and controllers.

https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/solutions/Enterprise/Mobility/emob41dg/emob41dg-wrapper/ch2_Arch.html

In Cisco WLC version 8, the need for separate WPlus licenses has been eliminated as all features that were previously part of the WPlus license are now included in the Base license. This consolidation simplifies licensing management and ensures that customers have access to all necessary features without requiring additional licenses. References := (CCNP Enterprise Wireless Design ENWLSD 300-425 and Implementation ENWLSI 300-430 Official Cert Guide Premium Edition and Practice)

 The issue described is indicative of a hidden node problem, where MAP-1 and MAP-3 cannot hear each other’s transmissions but can both communicate with RAP-2. This leads to frame collisions as both MAPs may attempt to transmit at the same time, unaware of the other’s actions. The design needs to address this by implementing mechanisms such as RTS/CTS or adjusting the placement of the APs to avoid this issue.

https://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/solutions/Enterprise/Mobility/emob30dg/WiMesh.pdf

 The wireless architecture described is a centralized deployment. This is characterized by access points distributed across multiple buildings and managed centrally by Wireless LAN Controllers (WLCs). Centralized deployments are common in larger environments like a technology company campus because they allow for centralized management, scalability, and advanced features such as load balancing and fault tolerance.

References:

• CCNP Enterprise Wireless Design ENWLSD 300-425 and Implementation ENWLSI 300-430 Official Cert Guide Premium Edition and Practice Tests

 The redundancy management heartbeat in Cisco Wireless LAN Controllers (WLCs) running 8.x code in Stateful Switch Over (SSO) mode uses UDP packets for communication. When troubleshooting connectivity issues between two WLCs, it is essential to filter for UDP packets in a packet capture to verify the heartbeat communication. The heartbeat packets are sent on a specific UDP port, and filtering for this port can help isolate the heartbeat traffic from other types of traffic in the capture.

 Large cases of liquid materials can cause higher signal loss compared to dry goods due to the way radio frequency (RF) waves interact with liquid, which can absorb and reflect the signals more than dry materials.

The sticky client issue occurs when a wireless client device clings to a suboptimal access point instead of roaming to a better one with a stronger signal. Enabling Optimize Roaming on the Cisco 9800 Series Wireless Controller can alleviate this issue. This feature prompts clients to roam by disassociating them when their signal strength drops below a threshold, encouraging them to seek a better connection.

 For supporting hyperlocation, it is recommended that APs be aligned in the same direction. This uniform alignment helps in accurately determining the AP Azimuth, X-Y, and ceiling height information, which is crucial for hyperlocation accuracy and minimizes confusion and user-entered errors.

 To maintain the same VLAN and IP address for users roaming between APs attached to different WLCs, a mobility group should be created between WLC-A and WLC-B. This allows for inter-controller roaming, where client sessions are maintained across different controllers, ensuring that users can move across the campus without losing connectivity or changing IP addresses.

References:

• Cisco’s official training and certification resources.

When using the Cisco Prime Infrastructure Planning Tool for deploying a Greenfield 802.11n network with data, voice, location awareness, and APs equipped with WSSI modules, selecting ‘Voice’ will ensure that the tool accounts for the additional bandwidth requirements of voice applications which have strict QoS requirements. Choosing ‘Location’ will allow the tool to consider the need for more precise location tracking capabilities which typically require additional APs for triangulation purposes. References := CCNP Enterprise Wireless Design ENWLSD 300-425 and Implementation ENWLSI 300-430 Official Cert Guide Premium Edition and Practice

 Devices that can tolerate at most 100 ms of delay when roaming are typically voice devices. Voice applications are sensitive to delays, and ensuring a maximum of 100 ms delay is a common design criterion for a wireless network supporting voice services. References: Designing Cisco Enterprise Wireless Networks (ENWLSD 300-425)

FlexConnect mode is ideal for branch offices and remote locations where it’s necessary to minimize wireless traffic tunneled back to the Wireless LAN Controller (WLC). In FlexConnect mode, APs can perform client authentication locally and bridge traffic onto the local network. References: CCNP Enterprise Wireless Design ENWLSD 300-425 and Implementation ENWLSI 300-430 Official Cert Guide.

 The protocol that needs to be allowed between the networks where the controllers are installed is IP Protocol 97, which is used for encapsulating IP within IP, often used in network mobility and IP tunneling.

 The concern with existing gigabit uplinked switches providing 802.3at is the output power limitation. 802.11ac Wave 2 APs may require more power than what 802.3at can deliver, especially for features like Multi-User Multiple Input Multiple Output (MU-MIMO). References: CCNP Enterprise Wireless Design ENWLSD 300-425 and Implementation ENWLSI 300-430 Official Cert Guide.

Quality of Service (QoS) is essential for prioritizing cloud services like email and real-time communication. It helps in managing bandwidth allocation and ensuring that critical applications receive the necessary resources for optimal performance.

https://community.cisco.com/t5/wireless-mobility-documents/what-is-cckm-and-how-does-it-affect-fast-and-secure-roaming/ta-p/3130421

In a mobility group, multiple controllers should be configured with the same virtual IP address to ensure proper roaming. This virtual IP address is used by wireless clients during the roaming process to facilitate seamless mobility between controllers.

In a Cisco wireless network, when designing for client roaming between access points (APs) that are connected to different controllers, especially in a global enterprise with multiple data centers, it is essential to ensure seamless client mobility. Mobility lists are used in such scenarios to define which controllers are allowed to participate in client roaming. This feature allows the APs connected to controllers within one group (e.g., Group ABC) to recognize and facilitate roaming clients from another group (e.g., Group XYZ). The mobility list is configured on each controller and includes the IP addresses of other controllers that should be considered part of the same mobility domain. When a client roams from an AP on one controller to an AP on another controller, if both controllers are in each other’s mobility list, they will establish a mobility tunnel through which they exchange the client’s context and security credentials. This ensures that the client can roam without re-authentication and maintains session continuity.

References:

• CCNP Enterprise Wireless Design ENWLSD 300-425 and Implementation ENWLSI 300-430 Official Cert Guide Premium Edition and Practice Test.
• Designing Cisco Enterprise Wireless Networks (ENWLSD) course and training videos available on Cisco Learning Network and Cisco official website.

 When configuring Cisco Prime Infrastructure, to represent the impact of a thick glass wall with an attenuation of 2dB on the RF signal, the obstacle that should be placed in the map editor is glass. This is because the material-specific attenuation values are used to model the RF signal’s behavior as it passes through different types of obstacles, and the thick glass wall’s impact is best represented by the glass obstacle in the map editor.

Receiver Start of Packet Detection Threshold (RxSOP) helps to mitigate high-channel utilization by ignoring rogue APs and other RF interference sources. By adjusting the RxSOP threshold, APs can be made less sensitive to unwanted signals, thus reducing the impact of interference. References: CCNP Enterprise Wireless Design ENWLSD 300-425 and Implementation ENWLSI 300-430 Official Cert Guide.

When conducting site surveys for WLAN upgrades to 802.11n, it’s important to consider AP locations that allow for easy access. This facilitates quick maintenance and upgrades, ensuring minimal downtime and disruption to the network. While aesthetics and power availability are also considerations, the primary focus should be on maintaining the network’s performance and reliability.

References: Designing Cisco Enterprise Wireless Networks (ENWLSD) 300-425 Official Cert Guide

Guest anchoring requires mobility tunnels to be established between the foreign and anchor WLCs. For these tunnels to function, the firewall must allow specific ports for communication. UDP port 16666 is the port used for mobility traffic in Cisco wireless networks, and if it is not allowed through the firewall, MPING and mobility tunnels will fail. References: CCNP Enterprise Wireless Design ENWLSD 300-425 and Implementation ENWLSI 300-430 Official Cert Guide Premium Edition and Practice

 Frequent disconnections may occur if the RSSI threshold set for optimized roaming is too high, causing clients to attempt roaming too late. Disabling optimized roaming and enabling 802.11v support allows for better client steering by the AP, as 802.11v includes the BSS Transition Management feature, which guides clients to a better AP based on the network’s conditions.

An active ping survey is used to validate network performance by sending and receiving data packets to measure the end-to-end network performance, including latency, packet loss, and throughput. Ekahau site survey tools can perform active ping surveys to test the connectivity and performance of the wireless network, ensuring that it operates as expected and meets the required service levels.

References := Configuring Active Surveys – Ekahau Customer Support

Creating a mobility group requires that all Wireless LAN Controllers (WLCs) share the same mobility group name. This allows them to recognize each other as peers and participate in client mobility events. The WLCs must be defined as peers in each other’s static mobility members list to facilitate inter-controller communication and roaming.

 In a Layer 1 passive wireless site survey, the chart that indicates the ratio of interference present during the duration of the capture in the 2.4 GHz spectrum is typically a Duty Cycle chart or an Interference chart. These charts display the percentage of time that energy, possibly from interfering sources, is present on a channel. The correct answer would show fluctuations in signal levels over time, highlighting periods where interference might be affecting the channel’s clarity.

When configuring high availability on an access point, a network engineer can configure a maximum of two controllers. One serves as the primary controller, and the other serves as the secondary controller.

In a medical treatment environment where both data and voice services are required, continuous coverage of -67 dBm from one access point is the minimum requirement. This ensures that there is sufficient signal strength for reliable voice communication, which is critical in medical settings. The -67 dBm threshold is commonly recommended for voice applications to ensure call quality and reliability.

So -67dBm covers both Data & Voice with a single AP