Explanation

The statement that is TRUE with regard to OCI DevOps is: OCI DevOps automates the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) and serves as a Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment (CI/CD) platform for developers. OCI DevOps provides capabilities to automate and streamline the entire software development process, including building, testing, deploying, and managing applications and infrastructure. It enables developers to implement CI/CD practices and deliver software more efficiently and reliably.

Explanation

The group of OCI services that can help you get application insights is OCI Logging, Monitoring, and Application Performance Monitoring (APM). OCI Logging allows you to collect and analyze log data from your applications, infrastructure, and other resources. It helps you track and trouble-shoot issues by providing visibility into the performance and behavior of your applications. OCI Monitoring enables you to monitor the health, performance, and availability of your cloud resources, including your applications. It allows you to set up metrics, alarms, and notifications to proactively monitor and respond to any issues or anomalies. OCI Application Performance Monitoring (APM) is specifically designed to provide insights into the performance of your applications. It helps you identify and diagnose performance bottlenecks, track user experiences, and optimize the overall performance of your applications. By using OCI Logging, Monitoring, and APM together, you can gain comprehensive visibility into your cloud native applications and effectively monitor their performance and behavior.

Explanation

When creating Monitoring Query Language (MQL) expressions in Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Monitoring service, the optional components are: Dimensions: Dimensions provide additional con-text or filters for the metrics being queried. They allow you to narrow down the scope of the query by specifying specific resources, regions, or other properties. Grouping Function: The grouping function is used to aggregate or group the data based on specified dimensions. It allows you to perform calculations or analysis on a subset of data and present the results in a summarized form. The components that are not optional when creating MQL expressions are: Statistic: The statistic component is mandatory and represents the specific metric or data point you want to retrieve or analyze. It can be a simple statistic like average, sum, count, etc., or a complex expression involving mathematical or logical operations. Metric: The metric component is also mandatory and refers to the specific metric you want to monitor or analyze. It represents the data being collected and reported by the monitoring service, such as CPU utilization, network traffic, or custom metrics. Interval is not a component of MQL expressions. It refers to the time range or period over which the query is executed and is not specified within the MQL expression itself. Reference: https://docs.oracle.com/en-us/iaas/Content/Monitoring/Reference/mql.htm

Explanation

In the Deployment Pipeline, when a deployment stage fails during the deployment of an update to production, the recommended action is to: Rollback the failed stage in the pipeline to the previous successful released version. By rolling back the failed stage to the previous successful version, you can revert the deployment to a known stable state and prevent the failed changes from being re-leased to production. This helps to maintain the stability and integrity of the application. It allows you to address the issues encountered in the failed stage, make necessary fixes or adjustments, and then proceed with the deployment again once the issues are resolved. The other options mentioned are not the most appropriate actions to perform in this scenario: Automating backup and using the rerelease stage: While backups are important for data protection, automating backup and using a rerelease stage would not directly address the failure in the deployment stage. It is more focused on data backup and recovery. Adding Rescue and Trigger stages: Adding Rescue and Trigger stages might help in certain situations, but they are not the primary solution for handling a failed deployment stage. They are more related to error recovery mechanisms or additional deployment steps, rather than specifically addressing the failed stage. Using OCI DevOps Trigger and Rerun tool: While OCI DevOps Trigger and Rerun tool can be useful for automating and managing deployments, it is not specifically designed to handle a failed deployment stage. It is more focused on triggering and rerunning pipelines or stages based on specific conditions or events.

Explanation

"The option ""Hybrid Logs"" is NOT a valid log category for the Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Log-ging service. The Logging service in OCI provides the ability to collect, search, and analyze logs generated by various OCI services and resources. The valid log categories include: Service Logs: These are the logs generated by various OCI services, such as Compute, Networking, Database, and Storage services. Custom Logs: These are user-defined logs that can be sent to the Logging service using the Logging SDK or APIs. These logs can be from applications or resources running in OCI. Audit Logs: These logs capture the activity and events related to the management of OCI resources, such as API calls, user access, and policy changes. The ""Hybrid Logs"" option is not a recognized log category in the OCI Logging service." Reference: https://docs.oracle.com/en-us/iaas/Content/Logging/Concepts/loggingoverview.htm

The statement that is true about automatic repository creation is that if you select the “Create repositories on first push root compartment” option and push an image with a command that includes the name of a repository that doesn’t already exist, a new private repository is created automatically in the root compartment. This option allows you to enable or disable automatic repository creation for the root compartment of your tenancy. If you enable this option, you can push an image to OCI Registry using the docker push command with the format .ocir.io//:, where is the name of a repository that does not exist yet. This will create a new private repository with the specified name and tag in the root compartment. If you disable this option, you will need to create an empty repository in advance before pushing an image to it. Verified References: [Creating Repositories - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Registry], [Pushing Images - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Registry]

The primary benefits of DevOps tools are to improve the efficiency of IT operations by automating routine tasks and eliminating manual processes, and to automate the software development lifecycle to increase production speed and consistency. DevOps tools enable collaboration between developers and operations teams, streamline workflows, reduce errors, enhance security, and enable continuous integration and delivery of software. Verified References: [DevOps - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Developer Tools], [DevOps Tools - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Developer Tools]

Explanation

The correct Ansible AdHoc command to update to the newest version of Apache on all defined web servers is: $ ansible webservers -m yum -a "name=httpd state=latest" In this command: "ansi-ble" is the command to execute Ansible. "webservers" is the name of the group defined in the inven-tory file that includes all the web servers. "-m yum" specifies the module to use, which in this case is "yum" for package management. "-a" is used to pass arguments to the module. "name=httpd" speci-fies the name of the package to update, in this case, "httpd" (Apache). "state=latest" instructs Ansi-ble to update the package to the latest version available. By running this command, Ansible will connect to each server in the "webservers" group and use the "yum" module to update the "httpd" package to the latest version.

To automatically push the modified code changes to the production, you can use the OCI DevOps Triggers feature. A trigger is a rule that defines when a build or deployment pipeline should run based on an event, such as a code commit, a pull request, or a schedule. You can create a trigger that runs your build and deployment pipelines on every code commit to your Git repository, which will ensure that your production environment is always up to date with the latest changes. Verified References: [Triggers - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure DevOps], [Creating Triggers - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure DevOps]

Explanation

The correct statement is: You need to provision a new stack because Terraform uses immutable in-frastructure. In Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) Resource Manager, Terraform uses the concept of immutable infrastructure, which means that any changes to the infrastructure are managed through the Terraform code. In this scenario, if you want to add a CIDR block, subnet, and compute instance to your VCN, you would need to make the necessary changes to your Terraform code, create a new stack in Resource Manager, and deploy the updated code. This ensures that the infra-structure is created consistently and according to the desired state defined in the Terraform code. Simply provisioning the new resources in the OCI console and later adding them to the Terraform configuration and state would not be the recommended approach in this case.

Explanation

The two changes to infrastructure with the Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) Provider for Terraform that will not result in any resources being destroyed or provisioned are: Adding a CIDR block to a VCN: This change does not affect any existing resources. It simply expands the IP ad-dress range of the VCN, allowing for the creation of additional subnets within the VCN. Adding a subnet to a VCN: Similar to adding a CIDR block, adding a subnet to a VCN does not affect any existing resources. It defines a new subnet within the VCN's IP address range, allowing for the al-location of resources to that subnet. Changing the image OCID of a compute instance, changing the shape of a compute instance, and changing the Display Name of a compute instance can potentially result in resource destruction and provisioning. These changes may require the creation of new in-stances, reconfiguration of existing instances, or termination of existing instances, depending on the specifics of the changes.

Explanation

The correct approach to upgrade an Oracle Container Engine for Kubernetes (OKE) cluster to a newer version of Kubernetes is to first upgrade the control plane and then upgrade the node pools. Here are the steps to follow: Upgrade the control plane: Initiate the upgrade process for the control plane using the OCI Console, CLI, or API. This upgrade will update the Kubernetes control plane components running in the master nodes of the cluster. Upgrade the node pools: After the control plane upgrade is completed, you can proceed to upgrade the node pools. A node pool is a set of worker nodes within the cluster. You can upgrade the node pools one at a time or simultaneously, depending on your requirements and cluster configuration. By following this approach, you ensure that the control plane is upgraded first, which ensures compatibility and stability with the new version of Kubernetes. Afterward, you can upgrade the node pools to ensure all worker nodes are running the latest version of Kubernetes. It is important to note that before performing any upgrades, it is recommended to review the release notes and upgrade documentation provided by Oracle for any specific instructions or considerations related to the version you are upgrading to. Reference: https://docs.oracle.com/en-us/iaas/Content/ContEng/Concepts/contengaboutupgradingclusters.htm

The statement that is false about deployment pipeline in OCI DevOps is that you can add a Wait stage that adds a specified duration of delay in the pipeline. This is not a valid type of stage that you can add to your deployment pipeline. The types of stages that you can add to your deployment pipeline are:

• Deploy stage: A stage that deploys an artifact to a target environment, such as Kubernetes, Instance Group, or Compute Instance.
• Control stage approval: A stage that pauses the pipeline execution and requires manual approval before proceeding to the next stage.
• Traffic shift stage: A stage that routes the traffic between two sets of backend IPs using a preconfigured load balancer and listener.
• Invoke function stage: A stage that invokes an Oracle Function with specified parameters and payload. Verified References: [Deployment Pipelines - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure DevOps], [Creating Deployment Pipelines - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure DevOps]

The best practices that ABC Inc. should implement to incorporate DevSecOps into their DevOps process are:

• Follow established security guidelines, such as the OWASP DevSecOps guideline, during the development and testing process. The OWASP DevSecOps guideline is a set of recommendations and tools that help developers and testers integrate security into every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC). The guideline covers topics such as threat modeling, secure coding, code analysis, security testing, vulnerability management, etc.
• Perform regular scans for vulnerabilities and prioritize fixing them based on their severity. Vulnerability scanning is a process of identifying and assessing the security risks in your code, dependencies, images, containers, or infrastructure. You can use tools such as SonarQube, Sonatype Nexus IQ Server, or Twistlock to perform vulnerability scanning and generate reports with detailed information and remediation suggestions. You should also prioritize fixing the vulnerabilities based on their severity level and potential impact.
• Implement role-based access control and define roles and responsibilities for everyone involved in the development process. Role-based access control (RBAC) is a method of restricting access to resources based on the roles of the users or groups. You can use RBAC to enforce the principle of least privilege, which means granting only the minimum level of access required for each user or group to perform their tasks. You should also define clear roles and responsibilities for everyone involved in the development process, such as developers, testers, operations staff, security staff, etc., and assign them appropriate permissions and policies. Verified References: [DevSecOps - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Security], [DevSecOps Best Practices - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Security]

The OCI service that can be used as a target deployment environment for intermittent workloads with a consumption-based pricing model is Functions. Functions is a fully managed, serverless platform that allows you to run your code without provisioning or managing any servers. You can use Functions to develop and deploy isolated web applications or RESTful APIs using Node.js, Python, Java, or Go. You only pay for the resources you consume when your code is executed, which is ideal for dynamic and irregular workloads. Verified References: [Functions - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Developer Tools], [Creating Applications and Functions - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Developer Tools]

Explanation

The correct option is: A playbook could be leveraged and executed against the group of web servers, as defined in the Inventory. Then, Ansible would connect to each server and apply the same set of configurations. In Ansible, a playbook is a YAML file that describes a series of plays and tasks to be executed against a group of hosts. The inventory file defines the group of web servers that need to be patched. By leveraging a playbook, the DevOps team can define the desired configuration or patching tasks once and apply them consistently across all the web servers in the group. An-sible will connect to each server in the inventory and execute the tasks defined in the playbook, ensuring that the desired configurations or patches are applied uniformly. This approach simplifies the management of multiple servers as the same playbook can be executed against the entire group, eliminating the need to manually configure each server individually. It also allows for automation and repeatability, ensuring that the desired changes are applied consistently and efficiently.

Explanation

The correct statement is: Users can avoid downtime during deployments and automate the complexity of updating applications. The Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) DevOps service provides a set of tools and services that help automate and streamline the software development and deployment processes. One of the key benefits of OCI DevOps is the ability to avoid downtime during deployments by implementing strategies such as blue-green deployments or rolling deployments. By using OCI DevOps, users can automate the complexity of updating applications by defining CI/CD (Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment) pipelines. These pipelines can include steps for building, testing, and deploying applications, allowing for efficient and reliable updates without disrupting the availability of the application. The other statements provided are not accurate: OCI DevOps allows users to migrate workloads from on-premises environments as well as from other cloud plat-forms. Users can store code in both public and private repositories, including internal code repositories. OCI DevOps provides visibility into the full lifecycle phases of applications, allowing users to assess performance and make informed decisions. Reference: https://docs.oracle.com/en-us/iaas/Content/devops/using/devops_overview.htm

One of the ways that OCI DevOps deployment pipelines reduce risk and complexity of production applications is by reducing change-driven errors introduced by manual deployments. A deployment pipeline is a sequence of stages that automates the delivery of software from source code to production. By using a deployment pipeline, you can eliminate human errors, enforce quality checks, and ensure consistency across different environments. A deployment pipeline also enables faster feedback loops, easier rollback, and improved traceability of changes. Verified References: [Deployment Pipelines - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure DevOps], [Creating Deployment Pipelines - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure DevOps]

The steps that you can perform to enable specific logs applicable to services along with configuring an alarm to monitor any new failures are:

• Install the OCI compute agent software on client systems, enable Custom log and create an agent configuration selecting log path. The OCI compute agent is a software component that runs on your compute instances and collects logs from various sources, such as files, syslog, Windows Event Log, etc. You can use the OCI compute agent to enable Custom log, which is a type of log that allows you to define your own log source and format. You can also create an agent configuration that specifies the log path, log group, and log name for your Custom log.
• Create custom filters with required data fields (for example: source, time, statusCode, message) to filter log messages, configure Service Connector with Monitoring for creating an Alarm. A custom filter is a query that allows you to filter and analyze your log messages based on various data fields, such as source, time, level, message, etc. You can use custom filters to search for specific patterns or conditions in your logs, such as failures or errors. You can also configure a Service Connector with Monitoring, which is a component that allows you to transfer data from one OCI service to another. You can use a Service Connector with Monitoring to send your filtered log messages to the OCI Monitoring service, which is a service that allows you to create metrics and alarms based on your logs. You can then create an Alarm, which is a rule that triggers an action when a metric meets a specified threshold. Verified References: [Compute Agent - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Logging], [Custom Logs - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Logging], [Custom Filters - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Logging], [Service Connectors - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Logging], [Monitoring - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Logging], [Alarms - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Logging]